Multi-Omics Characterization of Percutaneous Electrolysis in Low Back Pain

Exclusion Criteria

• •1\. History of spinal surgery or significant spinal trauma. 2. Presence of neurological disorders affecting the lumbar spine or lower limbs.
• •3\. Known systemic inflammatory, metabolic, or autoimmune diseases. 4. Use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or corticosteroid medication within a predefined period prior to enrollment.
• •5\. Coagulation disorders or current use of anticoagulant therapy. 6. Active infection, skin lesion, or dermatological condition at the intervention site.
• •7\. Contraindications to invasive physiotherapy or needle-based procedures. 8. Participation in another interventional clinical study within the previous months.
• •9\. Inability to tolerate blood sampling procedures.