A Short-Bout Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Program in Older Adults With Diabetes and Probable Sarcopenia

Exclusion Criteria

• •Confirmed sarcopenia based on AWGS 2025.
• •History or current diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, or severe cognitive impairment.
• •Severe acute or chronic diabetic complications (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, stage IV-V diabetic nephropathy).
• •Severe congestive heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), or acute cardiac event, syncope, or loss of consciousness within the past year.
• •Severe pulmonary, hepatic, or renal insufficiency, or active malignancy.
• •Concurrent participation in another exercise intervention study.
• •Severe joint or muscle disease that strictly limits exercise (e.g., severe osteoarthritis, fracture, or other significant functional impairment), or other absolute contraindications to exercise.
• •Unintentional weight change \>5% or major changes in medication regimen within the 3 months prior to enrollment.
• •Classified as poor health status (Group 3) according to the Chinese Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in the Elderly (2024 Edition).
• •Implanted electronic medical device (e.g., cardiac pacemaker).