Lead Sponsor

Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University

Age

18 - 65 years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

•Age Profile: Adults aged between 18 and 65 years.
•Physical Status: Patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I, II, or III.
•Informed Consent: Patients who voluntarily agreed to participate and provided written informed consent.
•Cognitive Status: Patients who were conscious, oriented, and capable of cooperating with the pain assessment scales (NRS) and the QoR-40 questionnaire.

•Venous Pathology: Presence of deep venous insufficiency (e.g., iliac or femoral vein obstruction, iliac vein stenosis) or acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity.
•Systemic Diseases: Combined cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal dysfunction.
•Hematological Disorders: Coagulation disorders or active bleeding diathesis.
•Neurological/Cognitive Status: Presence of dementia, cognitive impairment, or inability to cooperate during the procedure.
•Local Contraindications: Active infection at the site of the regional anesthesia intervention or surgical field.
•Patient Refusal: Patients who declined regional anesthesia or had a known allergy to local anesthetics.

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