Intratracheal Dexmedetomidine Versus Lidocaine for Smooth Tracheal Extubation

undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS). Emergence from anesthesia and extubation are often associated with undesirable airway reflexes such as coughing, bucking, laryngospasm, and marked hemodynamic fluctuations, which may adversely affect surgical outcomes and increase postoperative morbidity . Hemodynamic instability during extubation may result in complications such as bleeding at the surgical site, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and increased intracranial and intraocular pressure . These responses are particularly hazardous in FESS, where a bloodless surgical field is essential for optimal visualization and surgical success . Several pharmacological agents has been studied to attenuate these responses, including opioids, beta blockers, local anesthetics, and α₂-adrenergic agonists . Lidocaine is commonly used to suppress airway reflexes during extubation, either intravenously or intratracheally, due to its local anesthetic effect on airway mucosa; however, its efficacy may be short-lived . Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α₂-adrenergic agonist that provides sedation, analgesia, and sympatholysis with minimal respiratory depression. It has been shown to attenuate stress responses during emergence and extubation more effectively than many traditional agents . Intratracheal administration of dexmedetomidine allows rapid absorption through the pulmonary circulation, leading to effective suppression of cough and hemodynamic responses .