Background Breast milk is the most ideal source of nutrition for newborns, due to its essential nutrients and bioactive components. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, aiming for a rate of 50% by 2025 and 70% by 2030 (WHO, 2014; WHO \& UNICEF, 2019). Breast milk reduces morbidity and mortality related to infections, lowers the risk of chronic diseases, and supports neurodevelopment (Akhter et al., 2021; AAP, 2021; Picáns-Leis et al., 2025; WHO, 2023). It also has long-term protective effects for maternal health (Krol \& Grossmann, 2018; AAP, 2022). However, exclusive breastfeeding rates are still below desired levels globally, ranging from 44-48%, and are 41% in Turkey (UNICEF, 2023; WHO, 2023; TNSA, 2018). These low rates are associated with various factors, including maternal characteristics, birthing process, socioeconomic status, and access to health services (Dib et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2024; Fan et al., 2025).
Hormonal changes and sleep disturbances experienced during the postpartum period increase maternal anxiety (Avcı et al., 2024; Field, 2018; Kaplan, 2020), and breastfeeding difficulties are more common in primiparous mothers (Feenstra et al., 2018; Gianni et al., 2019; Ergezen et al., 2021; Hines et al., 2022). Mothers are reported to require professional support in coping with problems and understanding infant behavior (Gavine et al., 2022).
According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their capacity to successfully perform a specific task (Bandura, 1994, 1997). Dennis's breastfeeding self-efficacy model shows that high self-efficacy is a determinant factor in initiating, continuing, and exclusively breastfeeding (Dennis, 1999; Duman \& Gölbaşı, 2022; Mercan \& Selçuk, 2021). Perceived insufficient milk supply is also a significant factor in early breastfeeding cessation (Galipeau et al., 2017). Problems such as pain, nipple trauma, and infant restlessness reinforce this perception (Huang et al., 2022; Mahurin-Smith, 2023; Mohebati et al., 2021; Şahin \& Bulut, 2020; Wood et al., 2021). Low self-efficacy and perceived insufficient milk supply increase the need for formula supplementation (Menekşe et al., 2021; Sandhi et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2022). Kent et al. (2021) reported that 44% of mothers felt their milk supply was insufficient, leading 66% of them to provide formula (Kent et al., 2021). Therefore, WHO and UNICEF emphasize the importance of individual-needs-focused professional support for at-risk mothers (WHO, 2024).
Current breastfeeding education programs are reported to be insufficient in meeting the long-term needs of mothers, especially in the postpartum period, indicating a need for more comprehensive and holistic programs to increase breastfeeding self-efficacy (Özsoy \& Aksu, 2019; Selvi et al., 2021; Castro-Cuervo et al., 2025; Maleki et al., 2021). The literature suggests that while education increases self-efficacy and breastfeeding success, the sustainability of this effect needs to be strengthened (Corkery-Hayward \& Talaei, 2024; Gavine et al., 2022; Wong et al., 2021; Brockway et al., 2017; Chipojola et al., 2020; Galipeau et al., 2018; Liyana Amin et al., 2018). Digital platforms enhance the accessibility of breastfeeding counseling (Webster, 2020; Wong \& Chien, 2023; Uzunçakmak et al., 2022; Şimsek-Çetinkaya et al., 2024).
Yoga is a holistic practice based on breathing, stretching, and mindfulness, providing positive effects on stress, anxiety, and depression (Çetintaş, 2023; da Silveira \& Stein, 2019; Kuśmierska et al., 2025; Sharma et al., 2024). Yoga practice during the prenatal and postnatal periods is reported to support physical and psychological well-being and reduce stress hormones (Corrigan et al., 2022; de Campos et al., 2020; Yekefallah et al., 2021). Findings also suggest that yoga practices in the postpartum period may have positive effects on milk production, oxytocin levels, and breastfeeding success (Anggraeni et al., 2019; Wildan \& Primasari, 2011; Astutik et al., 2024).
Studies examining the relationship between yoga and breastfeeding in the national literature are limited. Arabacı (2024) demonstrated that yoga-breathing exercises had positive effects on breastfeeding success and self-efficacy (Arabacı, 2024). Boybay Koyuncu (2019) evaluated the effects of postpartum yoga on breastfeeding adequacy and maternal bonding (Boybay Koyuncu, 2019). However, there is no study examining the effect of structured breastfeeding education based on the breastfeeding self-efficacy theory, integrated with breath-based yoga, on psychosocial outcomes such as anxiety and perceived insufficient milk supply.
Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of breath-based yoga supported breastfeeding education on anxiety, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and perceived insufficient milk supply in primiparous mothers. The intervention combines education based on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Model with breath-based yoga practices, and its online delivery facilitates mothers' access to professional support. The study is expected to offer an innovative and holistic model for breastfeeding counseling and postpartum nursing care.
Methodology: This randomized controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the effect of breath-based yoga supported breastfeeding education on anxiety, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and perceived insufficient milk supply in primiparous mothers during the postpartum period. The research will be carried out in Family Health Centers in the Sakarya province and will be reported according to the CONSORT 2025 guideline.
The study sample size was determined using the G\*Power (v3.1) software for a three-group design. Based on the effect size ($Cohen's$ $f = 0.36$) obtained from a similar breastfeeding education study in the literature (Ayran \& Çelebioğlu, 2022), the power analysis calculated that 26 participants per group would be sufficient, using parameters of $\\alpha = 0.05$ and 1-$\\beta = 0.80$. Considering a 15% increase for potential data losses (Akbulut, 2021), the final sample size is planned as a total of 90 participants, with 30 mothers in each group.
Primiparous mothers registered at the Family Health Centers, who are within 0-2 weeks postpartum and meet the inclusion criteria, will be enrolled. After informed consent and baseline assessments, mothers scoring below 13 points on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale will be included in the sample. The block randomization method will be preferred for assigning participants to the study and control groups (Schulz \& Grimes, 2002; Suresh, 2011). Following randomization, mothers will be assigned to Intervention Group I (breastfeeding education + yoga, n = 30), Intervention Group II (breastfeeding education only, n = 30), or the control group (n = 30). The randomization sequence will be generated by an independent statistician using a computer-based method and implemented via the opaque envelope method. Due to the nature of the intervention, participant blinding is not possible; analyses will be conducted by a blinded statistician.
Interventions and Timeline: The data collection tools for this study are the Introductory Information Form, BSES-SF, Perceived Insufficient Milk Supply Scale, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).
The interventions will be conducted online via Google Meet in small groups of 5, starting from the 2nd postpartum week (T1). The breastfeeding education program will consist of six synchronous sessions of 30-60 minutes each, held twice a week for three weeks. In the education + yoga group (Intervention I), breath-based yoga will be applied twice a week for 45-60 minutes for four weeks following the breastfeeding education. The control group will continue to receive routine Family Health Center services with no intervention. The same scales will be administered in all groups at T1 (2nd week), T2 (5th week), and T3 (9th week). The research will analyze changes over time and differences between groups to evaluate the effectiveness of the yoga-supported breastfeeding education.
