Risk Prediction Model for Older Adults Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients unable to communicate.
• •Patients unable to complete questionnaires or perform physical function tests.
• •Patients with implanted electronic medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers or implantable patient monitoring devices.
• •Patients whose scheduled surgery is cancelled.
• •Patients with underlying medical or psychiatric conditions that may affect the study outcomes.
• •Any other reason that, in the opinion of the investigator, makes the patient unsuitable for participation.