With the increasing use of ultrasound in recent years and the advantages it brings, the application of regional anesthesia methods such as truncal and peripheral nerve blocks in postoperative pain management has become the most important part of multimodal analgesia strategies. Among regional techniques, the erector spinae plane block has been shown to provide effective analgesia after many types of surgery and is being used increasingly. The erector spinae plane block provides effective analgesia in a wide spectrum of thoracic and abdominal surgeries such as thoracotomy, cholecystectomy, and bariatric surgery, and at the same time, because it is an easy and safe block, it is finding an increasingly expanding place in daily practice in the treatment of chronic and acute pain. The use of multimodal techniques in postoperative analgesia management aims to provide effective analgesia, thereby reducing opioid consumption and related complications, ensuring early mobilization and shorter hospital stay, and increasing patient comfort.
Lumbar disc herniation repair surgery is associated with significant postoperative pain that can negatively impact patient recovery, mobilization, and overall satisfaction. Postoperative pain control has a significant impact on earlier ambulation, better functional recovery, and patient satisfaction. At the same time, optimal pain management is of great importance in contributing to the reduction of the duration of hospital stay and the risk of adverse events.
This study was planned to investigate whether the Erector Spinae Plane Block provides effective postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lumbar disc herniation repair surgery, and whether it has a positive effect on early mobilization and hospital length of stay. The study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ESP block in reducing postoperative pain, decreasing narcotic analgesic consumption and protecting patients from the side effects of narcotic analgesics, facilitating early mobilization of patients, shortening hospital stay duration, and increasing patient comfort.
Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) was first described by Forero et al. in 2016, with ultrasound-guided local anesthetic injection between the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra providing effective analgesia for thoracic neuropathic pain. Since then, the ESPB has been widely used for various surgical procedures and has demonstrated consistent efficacy. The mechanism of action involves the spread of local anesthetic to the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves in the interfascial plane, providing extensive dermatomal coverage. For lumbar spine surgery, bilateral lumbar ESPB has shown promise in providing satisfactory postoperative analgesia.
Since the erector spinae plane block is applied to specific anatomical regions defined under ultrasound guidance by a single experienced anesthesiologist (who has performed this block at least 20 times) and the local anesthetic spread is visually monitored, major differences in block effectiveness between patients are not expected. The procedure will be performed with the patient in a sitting position, targeting the area between the L2-4 transverse process and the erector spinae muscle (anterior to the muscle), using 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine bilaterally with ultrasound guidance using a convex probe. The application is bilateral and a total of 40 ml of local anesthetic solution will be used. After the procedure, dermatomal mapping will be performed at 30 minutes using a hot-cold test to evaluate block effectiveness in all patients.
Bilateral Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESP) or no block (control) will be applied preoperatively to patients hospitalized in the neurosurgery clinic who come to the operating room to undergo single-level lumbar disc herniation repair surgery, after the necessary information is provided and informed consent is obtained. All patients, whether or not they received a block, will receive postoperative intravenous analgesia with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) devices set with no basal infusion, a lockout time of 30 minutes, a bolus dose of 5 ml, containing tramadol 4 mg/ml. Data will be obtained and recorded from the PCA devices regarding when the patients' first analgesic need arose, the total number of analgesic demands and at what times they occurred, and the total tramadol dose administered.
Pain is a subjective symptom and will be questioned with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), a standardized scale, in order to minimize differences between patients. At predetermined time points in the recovery unit at 0, 15th, 30th, and 60th minutes, and during ward follow-up at 2nd, 6th, 12th, and 24th hours, the patients' pain scores with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (0-10; 0-3: mild pain, 4-6: moderate pain, 7-10: severe pain) will be evaluated at rest, with deep breathing, and with coughing. The need for rescue analgesia in the recovery unit (if NRS pain score is 4 or higher out of 10) will be recorded. For postoperative nausea-vomiting evaluation, the Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Impact Scale Score will be used.
In both groups, patients' demographic data, surgical duration, anesthesia duration, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, the time of first analgesic need if additional analgesic was required along with its content and dose, patient satisfaction scores at postoperative 24 hours (0: not satisfied at all, 5: very satisfied), time to first mobilization, hospital length of stay, and data on complications related to the applied blocks will be recorded and followed. The anesthesiologist who applies the block, the anesthesiologist who follows the patient perioperatively, and the anesthesiologist who performs patient follow-ups and records data at predetermined time points after surgery will be different.
All patients will receive standardized general anesthesia. Premedication with intravenous midazolam 0.03 mg/kg will be administered when patients arrive at the preoperative waiting area. All blocks will be performed in the block room after sedation and monitored with SpO2, electrocardiography, and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP). After the procedure, the patient will be taken to the operating table and electrocardiography (ECG), temperature, noninvasive blood pressure, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) will be monitored. For anesthesia induction, all patients will receive midazolam 0.05 mg/kg, fentanyl 1 mcg/kg, propofol 2-3 mg/kg, and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. After induction, anesthesia maintenance will be provided with a flow of 2 L/min, 50% oxygen-air mixture, sevoflurane 2%, and remifentanil 0.05 mcg/kg/min. All patients will receive 8 mg ondansetron as a nausea-vomiting protocol routine in our clinic. At the end of the operation, 1 g paracetamol and 1 mg/kg tramadol will be administered and patients will be awakened. To eliminate neuromuscular blockade, 2-3 mg/kg sugammadex will be administered to patients during awakening.
The study will be conducted at Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, between July 1, 2024 and July 1, 2025. Data collection will span 6 months, followed by 3 months for statistical analysis and 3 months for manuscript preparation, with completion planned in a total of 1 year.
Statistical analysis will be performed using G-Power (Ver. 3.1.9.4) and SPSS 22.0 software. For categorical variables, number and percentage; for quantitative data, minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation analyses will be performed. Normal distribution analysis of the data will be performed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA, etc.) will be performed for normally distributed data, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, etc.) will be performed for non-normally distributed data. Correlation test will be performed for relational analysis and regression test will be performed for effect analysis. In all analyses, a p value \< 0.05 will be considered significant.
Since there are no additional interventions or medications to be applied to patients beyond routine clinical practice due to the study, no additional risk is expected. The aim is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Erector Spinae Plane Block in lumbar disc herniation surgery and implement it routinely in our clinic, thereby reducing postoperative pain in patients, reducing narcotic analgesic consumption and protecting them from the side effects of narcotic analgesics, ensuring early mobilization of patients, shortening hospital stay duration, and increasing patient comfort.
