The aim of the study is to develop, evaluate the diagnostic efficacy, and pilot a screening method for cardiac and cardiac-related pathologies based on single-channel electrocardiogram analysis using artificial intelligence. To achieve this goal, a prospective, controlled, single-center, observational, non-randomized study will be conducted involving at least 4,000 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. All patients will undergo an expert echocardiography protocol with a comprehensive assessment of heart valve hemodynamics, systolic and diastolic myocardial function, along with standard measurements of the heart chambers and great vessels. To detect or exclude coronary artery disease: detection of significant coronary stenosis during coronary imaging: myocardial perfusion or determination of fractional coronary flow reserve, or stress echocardiography will be performed. For arterial hypertension: repeated blood pressure measurements in the office, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring will be performed. For cardiac arrhythmias: resting ECG and long-term Holter monitoring will be performed. For any cardiovascular pathology: blood tests: hemoglobin and red blood cell levels, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance test, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides will be performed. Additional testing data will be taken into account if conducted outside the protocol of this study. During the study, the authors will not interfere with the aforementioned scope of testing, which is performed on patients in accordance with clinical guidelines. All patients included in the study will undergo two ECG recordings in standard lead I for 1 minute, followed by spectral analysis of the obtained data, which will be stored at the remote monitoring center of Sechenov University without linking to the patients' personal data. A single-channel ECG will be recorded using a portable single-lead CardioQVARK ECG recorder. It was registered with the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare on February 15, 2019. Number RU MI No. RZN 2024/22 855. The patient's personal data (last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth, contact information) will not be transferred or taken into account. Each patient is assigned an individual number that is not associated with his/her personal data. Then a spectral analysis of the electrocardiogram will be performed using a continuous wavelet transform, the principles of which are based on the Fourier transform. The analysis involves the evaluation of the following parameters (the parameters listed below will be calculated as the median of the tact-cycle):• TpTe - time from peak to end of the T-wave• VAT - time from the beginning of the QRS to the R-peak• QTc - corrected QT interval.• QT / TQ - the ratio of QT length to TQ length (from the end of T to the beginning of the QRS of the next complex).• QRS\_E - the total energy of the QRS wave based on the wavelet transform• T\_E - T-wave total energy based on wavelet transform• TP\_E- energy of the main tooth of the T-wave based on the wavelet transform• BETA, BETA\_S - T-wave asymmetry coefficients (simple and smooth versions)• BAD\_T - flag of T-wave quality (whether expressed in the current lead• QRS\_D1\_ons - energy of the leading edge of the R-wave (based on the "first derivative" wavelet transform)• QRS\_D1\_offs - energy of the trailing edge of the R-wave (based on the "first derivative" wavelet transform)• QRS\_D2 - peak energy of the R-wave (based on the "second derivative" wavelet transform)• QRS\_Ei (i = 1,2,3,4) - QRS-wave energy in 4 frequency ranges (2-4-8-16-32 Hz) based on wavelet transform• T\_Ei (i = 1,2,3,4) - T-wave energy in 4 frequency ranges (2-4-6-8-10 Hz) based on wavelet transform• HFQRS - the amplitude of the RF components of the QRS wave. Additionally used parameters:• TpTe, VAT, QTc - are duplicated to control the correctness of the record processing (the value of the UCC should be approximately equal to the median of the tick-by-bar).• QRSw - QRS width.• RA, SA, TA - the amplitudes of the R, S, T-waves, respectively, are used to normalize the parameters listed above.Statistical analysis and modeling will be performed using Python V3.8.8 and R V.4.0, as well as SPSS v.17.The correlation between various combinations of time, amplitude and frequency parameters of ECG and the presence of cardiac and cardiac-associated pathology will be analyzed. Certain parameters will be included in various multivariate analysis models: Lasso regression, Random Forest, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree. The model with the highest diagnostic accuracy will be selected, on which the algorithm will be tested.The outcome of this study will be the development and validation of an algorithm for identifying various cardiac and cardiac-associated pathologies based on the analysis of single-channel ECG parameters. The development of a medical-use program will also be undertaken.
