Lithotripsy Versus Balloon Angioplasty for Optimal Treatment of CAlcified Lesions With and Without Optical Coherence Tomography evaluatION

LOCATION Study is a prospective, multicenter, 2x2 factorial randomized controlled trial. Number of Sites: Approximately 50 sites in China. Trial Objectives: Objective 1: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) compared with balloon angioplasty (BA) for pretreatment of severely coronary calcified lesions prior to implantation of stents. Objective 2: To evaluate the efficacy of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided compared with angiography-guided stent implantation in severely coronary calcified lesions. Trial Hypotheses: Hypotheses 1: IVL pretreatment of severely calcified coronary artery lesions will reduce the 3-year risk of target vessel failure (TVF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction \[TVMI\], or clinically-driven target vessel revascularization \[TVR\]) compared with BA pretreatment. Hypotheses 2: OCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) will reduce 3-year risk of TVF compared with angiography-guided PCI in severely coronary calcified lesions. Trial Population:Patients with one or more angiographically severely calcified coronary lesions Trial Devices: IVL device: SoniCrackerTM Coronary IVL Therapy System (Shanghai Bluesail Boyuan Medical Technology co., Ltd) BA Devices: standard commercially approved balloon angioplasty devices including high-pressure balloons, scoring balloons, and cutting balloons, without brand restriction OCT device: Intravascular Imaging System (Nanjing Forssmann Medical Technology Co., Ltd) Follow-up Visits: Follow-up will range between 1-year minimum and 3-year maximum. Follow-up will be conducted at discharge, at 30 (±7) days, 180 (±7) days, at 1 year (±30 days), 2 years (±30 days), at 3 (±30 days) years with clinic visit or phone calls. When the last patient reaches 1 year follow-up, an additional "sweep visit" will be performed in all patients who have not had follow-up within 30 days. Additional visits will not be performed after this sweep visit. Duration:The period of this trial is expected to be approximately 4 years. Sample size Calculation: This trial is expected to enroll 3,060 patients, and the sample size calculation is based on the cumulative incidence of TVF as the primary endpoint. For Hypothesis 1: We expect that the rate of TVF in the BA group will be 7.0%, 12.5%, 16.0% at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. Assuming a 25% risk reduction, (i.e. the hazard ratio (HR) between the IVL group and the BA group is 0.75), it is estimated that the rate of TVF in the IVL group will be 5.3%, 9.4%, and 12.0% at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. The subject enrollment period is expected to be 3 years, with annual enrollment rates of 30%, 40%, and 30% respectively. Accounting for a 5% dropout rate in both groups, 3,060 total randomized patients provide 80% power to reject the null hypothesis at a two-sided α level of 0.05. For Hypothesis 2: We expected that the rate of TVF in the angiography-guided group will be 7.7%, 13.8%, 17.6% at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. Assuming a 27% risk reduction (i.e. the HR between the OCT-guided group and the angiography-guided group is 0.73), the rate of TVF in the OCT-guided group will be 5.6%, 10.1%, and 12.9% at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. The subject enrollment period is expected to be 3 years, with annual enrollment rates of 30%, 40%, and 30% respectively. Accounting for a 5% dropout rate in both groups, 2,326 total randomized patients provide 80% power to reject the null hypothesis at a two-sided α level of 0.05. With 3,060 total subjects, 89.6% power is present to reject the null hypothesis. No interaction between hypotheses 1 and 2 are expected; that is, the benefit of OCT guidance is expected to accrue to a similar degree after both IVL and BA pre-treatment of severely calcified lesions; as such, adjustment for multiplicity is not required. Thus, a total enrollment of 3,060 subjects is planned, with 1530 subjects in each group (IVL vs. BA vessel preparation, and OCT vs. angiography guidance). Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cardiovascular disorder that imposes a substantial burden on global health. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as an effective therapeutic strategy for CAD, has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. With the aging of the population, the proportion and severity of coronary artery calcified lesions have shown a progressive increase. Severely calcified lesions represent one of the most prevalent complex lesion subtypes in CAD that significantly increases the technical difficulty of coronary intervention and thus poses a major challenge to cardiovascular interventional physicians. Notably, patients with calcified lesions have a significantly higher incidence of perioperative complications and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). \[1\] For the pretreatment of calcified lesions, specialized balloons are typically employed, including high-pressure non-compliant balloons, cutting balloons and scoring balloons, as well as coronary atherectomy. However, these approaches have certain limitations. For instance, coronary atherectomy modifies lesion compliance and enlarges the lumen through the ablation of calcified plaques; yet, it may increase the risk of distal embolization, which can result in slow flow or no-reflow. Additionally, its complexity impedes its widespread adoption. Meanwhile, cutting balloons and scoring balloons have not been proven to enhance clinical outcomes in severe calcification. Coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is derived from urological lithotripsy techniques. The IVL system consists of miniaturized, arrayed lithotripsy emitters enclosed within a balloon that generate a localized field effect at calcified sites, thereby optimizing energy delivery for the treatment of coronary calcification. This process modifies vascular compliance while preserving the integrity of the native fibroelastic components of the vessel wall, thus reducing vascular injury. The DISRUPT CAD I trial (NCT02650128) \[2\], the first study investigating IVL, enrolled 60 patients and demonstrated a 98% device success rate for IVL. Following IVL, all patients underwent successful drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Subsequently, a series of prospective, multicenter studies have been conducted, including DISRUPT CAD II (NCT03328949) \[3\], DISRUPT CAD III (NCT03595176) \[4-5\], and Disrupt CAD IV (NCT04151628) \[6-7\]. These studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of IVL in the management of severe coronary calcified lesions. The SoniCrackerTM Coronary Intravascular Lithotripsy Therapy System is an IVL product developed by Shanghai Bluesail Boyuan Medical Technology co., Ltd. The device has completed a prospective, multicenter, single-arm pre-market clinical study, enrolling a total of 184 patients with severe coronary artery calcification in China, which showed a procedural success rate of 96.7% (defined as a residual in-stent stenosis ≤30% following stent implantation and without in-hospital major adverse cardiac events). Angiographic success (defined as residual in-stent stenosis ≤30% following stent implantation and without serious angiographic complications) and device success (defined as the IVL catheter successfully crossing the target lesion and delivering lithotripsy without serious angiographic complications) rates were both 100%, with no cases of post-stent residual stenosis \>30% or severe angiographic complications. No intraoperative MACE occurred, and the postoperative 6-month MACE rate was 4.9%. The target lesion failure (TLF) rates at 1 month and 6 months post-procedure were 3.3% and 4.4%, respectively. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) subgroup analysis showed immediate post-procedure minimum stent area of 5.30±1.74 mm², minimum stent lumen diameter of 2.56±0.42 mm, immediate lumen gain diameter of 0.98±0.57 mm, and immediate lumen gain area of 3.29±1.45 mm² (data not published). The trial confirmed the device's favorable safety and efficacy. However, there is currently a lack of randomized controlled clinical trial data comparing IVL technology with other calcified lesion management strategies to further validate the superiority of IVL. Current guidelines recommend the use of intravascular imaging guidance during PCI for complex coronary lesions (especially left main, true bifurcation, and long lesions). However, there remains a lack of intravascular imaging-guided studies with sufficient statistical power to confirm its efficacy in severely calcified lesions. Common clinical intravascular imaging modalities primarily include intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and OCT. Compared to IVUS, OCT offers distinct advantages in evaluating calcified lesions: it can precisely assess calcification thickness and more accurately quantify the volume of calcified lesions, which is of great significance for determining optimal treatment strategies. Therefore, this trial is designed to evaluate the clinical benefits of OCT-guided stent implantation specifically in severe coronary calcified lesions. The present clinical trial will employ the SoniCracker™ Coronary Intravascular Lithotripsy Therapy System and Intravascular Imaging System (Nanjing Forssmann Medical Technology Co., Ltd) to further evaluate two key aspects: first, the efficacy and safety of IVL using the SoniCracker™ system versus balloon angioplasty as pretreatment for severely coronary calcified lesions prior to stent implantation; second, the efficacy and safety of OCT-guided versus angiography-guided stent implantation in severely coronary calcified lesions. Analysis of Potential Benefits The devices used in the trial have demonstrated safety and efficacy in pre-market clinical trials and has obtained marketing approval from the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). Potential benefits include: achieving immediate procedural success, adequate stent expansion, reducing intraoperative complications, improving long-term vascular patency, and clinical outcomes, etc. Participation in this trial is purely voluntary, and enrolled subjects will not receive direct additional benefits. However, information collected from this trial may help deepen the understanding of clinical outcomes in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Ultimately, this knowledge may provide physicians with more information to help improve the treatment of future patients. Data Management System The data collection/management system for this trial is an EDC (Electronic Data Capture) system. This is a validated electronic data capture system with audit trial management and user permission management capabilities. Source data verification is performed to ensure the accuracy and completeness of key study variables. Protocol deviations, adverse events, and serious adverse events are documented and reported according to the study protocol and applicable regulatory and local regulatory requirements. General Principles Continuous variables will be summarized as the number of observations, number of missing values, mean, standard deviation, median, quartiles, and range. Categorical variables will be summarized as the number of observations, number of missing values, frequencies, and percentages. Baseline clinical, demographic, laboratory and procedural characteristics will be summarized by randomized treatment group. All statistical analyses will be performed using SAS software, Version 9.4 or greater. For comparison between the two groups, all hypothesis tests are conducted by two-sided test, α=0.05. The efficacy analysis will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test will be used to analyze and compare the timing of the first event in each group. P \<0.05 is statistically significant. The reliability of all 2-sided confidence intervals (CI) is 95%, and Cox proportional risk regression model is used to determine the hazard ratio (HR). Ethical Considerations The study is conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, applicable regulatory requirements, and approvals from institutional review boards or ethics committees at each participating site. All participants provide written informed consent prior to enrollment. Participant confidentiality is maintained throughout the study. The Clinical Events Committee (CEC) will be established for this study.The Crossover Device Evaluation Committee will be established to provide impartial assessment of crossover subjects.The imaging core lab(s) will provide central reading/analysis for angiographic and OCT images generated pre-procedure,during the procedure, and post-procedure at enrolling sites. Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) A Data Safety Monitoring Board will be established for this clinical trial to assess, at intervals during the trial, the data and to recommend to the Steering Committee whether to continue, suspend, modify, or terminate the trial early. The DSMB will consist of a minimum of three (3) members, one of which will be a statistician. The DSMB will not be affiliated with the Sponsor or its members will not be actively participating in the trial. Details of the DSMB's composition, specific review processes, and operating procedures are outlined in its charter.