Safety and Efficacy of NTP in Thyroid Surgery: Pilot Study on Morbidity Prevention and Adjuvant Oncological Control

This prospective study addresses the two most critical limitations of conventional thyroid surgery: collateral thermal damage to noble structures and the risk of microscopic residual disease in incidental carcinoma cases. The investigation focuses on the application of non-thermal plasma (NTP), a state of matter that generates a controlled 'cocktail' of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS). Unlike conventional energy-based devices (laser or electrocautery), NTP operates at low temperatures, eliminating lateral thermal dispersion and carbonization, thus preserving the functional integrity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands. The standardized NTP protocol is executed in two distinct phases: 1. Phase I (Hemostasis and Neuroprotection): Following thyroid gland resection, the surgical bed is exposed to a power density of 0.5 W/cm² for 8-10 minutes. This phase targets the carotid sheath and the tracheoesophageal groove to ensure immediate hemostasis and to modulate the inflammatory response through redox signaling, thereby preventing exuberant fibroplasia. 2. Phase II (Selective Oncological Ablation): In cases where incidental malignancy is suspected or confirmed, an additional re-exposure of 10-12 minutes is performed specifically on the resection micro-margins. This phase leverages the selective cytotoxicity of RONS, which induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in neoplastic cells while sparing healthy surrounding tissue. The study aims to correlate this two-phase intervention with three primary clinical pillars: a) Absolute surgical safety (0% complication rate in nerve paralysis and hypocalcemia). b) Oncological sterilization (undetectable Thyroglobulin levels \<0.1 ng/dL at 6 months). c) High-fidelity tissue mimicry (evaluated via VSS and POSAS scales), hypothesizing that NTP-mediated redox modulation achieves superior cosmetic and functional outcomes compared to traditional photobiomodulation.