Non-Pharmacological Methods in Reducing Injection Pain

Inclusion Criteria

• •Children aged between 4 and 6 years,
• •An intramuscular (IM) medication order was prescribed by a physician,
• •The IM injection was administered in the pediatric emergency department,
• •No history of chronic pain-causing illness,
• •No diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders,
• •Had not received any analgesic medications in the past 6 hours,
• •No history of syncope (fainting) during previous injections,
• •No diagnosis of mental retardation,
• •No scar tissue or muscle atrophy at the intended injection site,
• •Body mass index (BMI) percentile between the 10th and 90th percentiles for age and gender,
• •Both child and parent provided informed consent to participate in the study.