Do We Really Bleed in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy? A Single-Surgeon, Single-Center Experience

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an effective and guideline-recommended surgical technique for the treatment of large and complex renal stones; however, perioperative bleeding remains one of its most significant complications. Reported bleeding and transfusion rates vary widely in the literature, potentially due to differences in surgical technique, surgeon experience, and institutional practices. This retrospective, single-center study aims to evaluate perioperative and postoperative bleeding outcomes, transfusion requirements, and bleeding-related complications in patients who underwent PCNL performed by a single surgeon. The findings are intended to clarify whether the real-world bleeding risk associated with PCNL is lower than commonly reported. This is a retrospective, single-center observational study conducted at Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Türkiye. Medical records of patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between August 1, 2022, and December 20, 2025, will be reviewed retrospectively using the hospital information management system and anesthesia records. All PCNL procedures were performed by a single experienced urologist using standardized surgical techniques. Demographic characteristics, perioperative variables, laboratory values, bleeding parameters, transfusion requirements, postoperative outcomes, and complications will be analyzed. Surgical complications will be classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system.