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This study aims to test the impact of new-generation anti-diabetic drugs, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors, on the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The study hypothesizes that these drugs have protective effects in diabetic retinopathy by delaying its incidence compared to older agents (including metformin) only. Early intervention is critical, as treatment options for advanced stages of DR are limited in terms of their ability to restore impaired vision and their high associated costs. By focusing on delaying the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, the investigators aim to reduce the burden of DR and improve the quality of life for diabetic patients.
This is a Cross-Sectional Study
Age
25 - No limit years
Sex
ALL
Healthy Volunteers
No
Alexandria University Main Hospitals - Diabetes clinics/ Ophthalmology clinics
Alexandria, Egypt
Start Date
August 1, 2025
Primary Completion Date
August 1, 2026
Completion Date
September 1, 2026
Last Updated
January 20, 2026
70
ESTIMATED participants
Lead Sponsor
Sara A Belal
NCT07378891
NCT07155993
Data Source & Attribution
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