Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in primary care contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Despite guidelines and public health efforts, overprescribing remains prevalent, especially for self-limiting infections which often resolve without antibiotic treatment. Digital tools such as a Prescription Search Support (PSS) may aid general practitioners (GPs) in making more informed prescribing decisions.
This implementation project builds upon a previously conducted mixed-methods implementation study evaluating the usability of a PSS, which was approved by the Ethical Review Board UZ KU Leuven (Onderwijs-Begeleidingscommissie) on 27 September 2024 (MP031770).
The PSS under study contains the current recommendations for the proper use of antimicrobial agents for common infections in ambulatory care in Belgium. In other words, it represents the BAPCOC guidelines in a digital and user-friendly environment, by using a decision tree. Advice for the following diagnoses (ICPC-2 codes) is included in the PSS: sore throat (R21, R74), pertussis (R71), common cold (R74), acute rhinosinusitis (R75), acute bronchitis / bronchiolitis (R78), influenza (R80), pneumonia (R81), ear pain (H01), otorrhea (H04), acute otitis media (H71), acute epiglottitis (R77), acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspiration pneumonia (R81), laryngitis stridulosa (R77), acute cystitis (U71), acute prostatitis (Y73), acute pyelonephritis (U70), acute vulvovaginitis (X84), asymptomatic bacteriuria, epididymo-orchitis (Y74), genital herpes (Y72, X90), partner treatment and treatment of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease (X74), syphilis (X70, Y70), and urethritis (U72).
This PSS was developed as part of the Belgian National Action Plan on AMR by the Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment and the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI; RIZIV-INAMI), in collaboration with various experts and stakeholders, including physicians, infectiologists, hygienists, policymakers, guideline developers, and software developers. The company Smals, under instruction of RIZIV-INAMI, developed the software for this application in close collaboration with the RIZIV-INAMI working group. Guideline recommendations regarding appropriate prescribing of antimicrobials in ambulatory care were converted into decision rules, which serve as the knowledge source for the PSS.
Digital education offers several advantages, such as easy access without time or location constraints, varying possible forms and levels, and the ability to disseminate evidence on a large scale. Previous research has shown that standalone web- or smartphone-based applications in this context have the potential to increase physicians' knowledge of antimicrobials and guideline recommendations, potentially improving guideline adherence.
In Belgium, antibiotic use in ambulatory care is closely monitored through the Antibiotic Barometer, a national surveillance system coordinated by the Academic Centre of General Practice of KU Leuven and financed by the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (RIZIV-INAMI). The Antibiotic Barometer was approved by the Sociaal-maatschappelijke Ethische Commissie (SMEC; G-2023-6352) and provides quarterly feedback to general practices based on routine health insurance claims data.
This study evaluates the implementation and impact of the PSS in routine Belgian primary care using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial design. Participating general practices are recruited to ensure broad representation across Belgian primary care. General practices constitute the unit of randomization and are randomly allocated to one of four predefined implementation steps. All practices start in a control condition without access to the PSS and transition once to the intervention condition according to their assigned step. Each implementation step lasts three months, after which practices retain access to the PSS for the remainder of the study period. By the end of the study, all participating practices will have received access to the intervention.
Data for this study are derived from routine sources and handled within the secure data infrastructure of KU Leuven. Prescribing data obtained via the Antibiotic Barometer are aggregated and pseudonymized at practice level prior to analysis, ensuring that individual patients cannot be identified. Data linkage, storage, and analysis are conducted in accordance with applicable data protection regulations. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are used to evaluate both the effectiveness and implementation of the PSS in real-world primary care. Findings from this study will inform future policy decisions regarding national rollout, optimization, and long-term integration of the PSS within Belgian antimicrobial stewardship strategies.
