Magnesium in Gastrointestinal Disease

Individuals with gastrointestinal diseases - such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ileostomy, or bile acid diarrhoea - are at increased risk of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium is a vital mineral that supports many essential functions in the body, including muscle contraction, nerve signalling, heart rhythm, and bone health. Deficiency may contribute to fatigue, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, and reduce the quality of life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in individuals with these conditions and to identify the most accurate and practical methods for assessing magnesium status in clinical care. Although plasma magnesium is commonly used in routine blood tests, it represents only about 1% of the body's total magnesium and may not reflect true magnesium levels within cells or tissues. Hence, this study compares several different ways of measuring magnesium, including: * Plasma magnesium * Magnesium levels in red and white blood cells (PBMC, RBC, and buffy coat) * Magnesium levels in muscle tissue (via biopsy) * A magnesium retention test, based on how much magnesium is excreted after an infusion The study includes four groups: 1. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 2. Patients with an ileostomy. 3. Patients with bile acid diarrhoea. 4. Healthy individuals (control group). All participants will provide blood and urine samples, and some may undergo optional biopsies of muscle or intestinal tissue. Participants will also complete questionnaires and undergo tests of muscle strength and body composition. The findings are expected to enhance the understanding and detection of magnesium deficiency in patients with gastrointestinal diseases and to aid in the development of more effective tools for identifying and treating this common yet often overlooked condition.

This cross-sectional study aims to improve the assessment of magnesium status in patients with chronic intestinal diseases. The study will evaluate and compare a range of biochemical and functional markers to determine which provide the most accurate, reliable, and clinically useful reflection of whole-body magnesium status. The long-term goal is to support the development of a more sensitive screening strategy for magnesium deficiency in clinical practice, especially for populations at increased risk due to gastrointestinal losses or malabsorption. Magnesium deficiency is often underdiagnosed due to the limitations of standard plasma magnesium measurement. Although total body magnesium is primarily stored in bone and soft tissue, the current standard diagnostic method (plasma magnesium) reflects only a small fraction of total magnesium (\<1%) and does not correlate well with intracellular magnesium content. As a result, many cases of subclinical or functional magnesium deficiency go undetected, particularly in populations with chronic gastrointestinal conditions that alter absorption and excretion. Study Design and Rationale: The study will consist of four visits and include two groups: 1. Patients with gastrointestinal disease or conditions, divided into three subgroups: those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), those with an ileostomy or patients with bile acid diarrhoea. 2. Healthy controls without known gastrointestinal disease. The three patient subgroups are selected based on known risk factors for magnesium depletion: chronic diarrhoea, intestinal resection, and malabsorption. The healthy control group serves as a reference population. All participants will undergo a standardised clinical examination and biological sampling protocol, including: * Blood sampling for plasma magnesium, ionised magnesium, and intracellular magnesium (PBMC, RBC, and buffy coat) * 24-hour urine collection for magnesium excretion * An intravenous magnesium loading test (retention test) * Muscle biopsy for quantification of total magnesium concentration in skeletal muscle * Faecal sample for analysis of gut microbiome composition * Assessment of muscle function (handgrip strength test and sit-to-stand test) * Body composition measurement (bioimpedance analysis) * Patient reporting outcomes covering fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, mental well-being, and quality of life * Food frequency questionnaire assessing dietary magnesium intake A subset of participants undergoing clinically indicated endoscopic procedures will have intestinal biopsies (duodenal or colonic mucosa) collected for exploratory analyses of tissue magnesium concentration and expression of magnesium transporters, including TRPM6, TRPM7, CNNM4, and SLC41A1. Analytical Methods: Magnesium concentrations will be measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which allows for highly sensitive and specific quantification of total magnesium content in various biological matrices. Plasma and urine samples will be analysed for total magnesium and ionised magnesium, where applicable. Intracellular magnesium in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and buffy coat will be analysed following standardised separation protocols. Special precautions are taken during sample handling and storage to avoid trace metal contamination, including the use of trace metal-free collection tubes, ultrapure reagents, and certified laboratory plastics. Muscle tissue samples will be cryopreserved and analysed in collaboration with a reference laboratory with expertise in trace metal tissue analysis. Before digestion and ICP-MS quantification, tissue samples may undergo lyophilisation and homogenization under clean-room conditions. For participants completing the magnesium retention test, baseline urinary magnesium excretion will be compared to excretion after a standardised intravenous magnesium sulfate load. Magnesium retention will be calculated as the difference between the infused magnesium dose and the amount excreted in urine during 24 hours. This method is regarded as the reference standard for assessing total body magnesium stores, but is rarely used in clinical practice due to its complexity. Data Handling and Statistical Analysis: Data will be collected using REDCap and stored on secure institutional servers with access restricted to study personnel. All participants will be assigned a unique study ID to ensure confidentiality. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarise demographic and clinical characteristics. Differences between groups will be analysed using appropriate statistical tests (e.g., ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square) depending on data distribution. Correlation analyses will be performed to compare plasma magnesium with intracellular and tissue magnesium levels. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves may be generated to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various biomarkers against the magnesium retention test and/or muscle magnesium content as reference standards. Subgroup analyses may explore differences based on disease type, presence of resection, disease activity, medication use (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, diuretics), and nutritional intake. Ethical Considerations: The study has been reviewed and accepted by the relevant Research Ethics Committee and complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and national legislation on research ethics. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before any study procedures. Muscle biopsy and intestinal biopsy are optional and only performed in participants who consent to these procedures. Participants are informed of potential risks related to muscle biopsy (e.g., bruising, soreness, rare risk of infection) and intravenous magnesium infusion (e.g., transient warmth, flushing, hypotension). All biological samples will be stored and handled under current regulations for biobank material and may be used for future research within the same scope if participants provide consent. Expected Impact: This study is expected to provide new insights into the clinical evaluation of magnesium status in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. By comparing traditional and alternative markers of magnesium status with reference measures such as muscle magnesium and magnesium retention, the study will help identify more accurate, practical, and scalable methods for detecting deficiency in at-risk populations. The findings may inform future guidelines on nutritional screening, support earlier diagnosis of magnesium deficiency, and contribute to improved management of symptoms and comorbidities related to chronic magnesium depletion.