Lung Cancer Risk in Type 2 Diabetes With COPD: SGLT2 Inhibitors vs. Sulfonylureas

Study Design: This is a comparative effectiveness research study utilizing large-scale, population-based Real-World Data (RWD). By analyzing longitudinal data from existing medical records, researchers will emulate a target trial to minimize bias and provide robust estimates of the treatment effect. Statistical Analysis Plan: The study employs a rigorous analytic framework consisting of a primary analysis and multiple sensitivity analyses to ensure the validity of the findings: Primary Analysis: A comparison of SGLT2 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas using an Intention-To-Treat (ITT) framework, with follow-up censored upon treatment switching to estimate the effect of the initial treatment choice. Sensitivity Analysis 1 (Active Comparator): A comparison of DPP-4 inhibitors versus SGLT2 inhibitors using the same ITT framework (censoring on switching) to assess the consistency of the results against an alternative second-line antidiabetic class. Sensitivity Analysis 2 (As-Treated): A comparison of SGLT2 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas using an As-Treated approach, defining continuous use with a permissible gap (grace period) of 60 days between prescriptions to account for adherence patterns. Significance and Impact Current guidelines for diabetes management prioritize cardiovascular and renal protection. This study aims to expand the clinical evidence base by: * Providing actionable Real-World Evidence (RWE) on the long-term cancer-related outcomes of diabetes medications. * Evaluating whether the choice of antidiabetic agents can serve as a strategy for lung cancer prevention in high-risk groups (COPD-T2DM). * Contributing to the development of comprehensive treatment guidelines that consider cancer prevention alongside metabolic, cardiac, and renal health. Abbreviation: COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; DPP-4, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; ICS, Inhaled Corticosteroids; ITT, Intention-To-Treat; LABA, Long-Acting Beta-2 Agonists; LAMA, Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists; RWD, Real-World Data; RWE, Real-World Evidence; SABA, Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonists; SAMA, Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists; SGLT2, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2; SU, Sulfonylurea; T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus;