Comparison of Abdominal Expansion and Abdominal Drawing-In Training With Manual and Verbal Cueing in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Exclusion Criteria

• •History of surgery involving the lower back or lower extremities.
• •Presence of neurological symptoms, such as numbness or tingling sensations.
• •Signs or symptoms of nerve root compression.
• •History of any surgical procedure within the past 3 months.
• •Diagnosis of cancer.
• •Presence of major medical or psychiatric disorders.
• •Presence of systemic inflammatory disease.
• •Pregnancy.
• •Structural scoliosis of the spine.
• •Inability to ambulate or stand independently, or other conditions deemed unsuitable for participation.
• •Participation in any movement control-based exercise training within the past year.
• •Accumulated experience of more than 4 weeks of abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre (ADIM) training or Dynamic Neuromusculoskeletal Stabilization abdominal expansion (DNS-AE) training within the past year.