Time-Restricted Eating as a Potential Strategy to Promote Weight Loss Maintenance in Patients With Obesity

Exclusion Criteria

• •Having received a diagnosis or presenting signs or symptoms that, in the opinion of the research team, could contraindicate TRE intervention or any of the procedures included in the study.
• •Having been diagnosed with or having a history of metabolic (including a diagnosis of any type of diabetes mellitus), hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune, hepatic, renal, urological or psychiatric diseases that could interfere with the study results or compliance with the protocol.
• •Having undergone any surgical procedure that, in the opinion of the research team, could alter energy metabolism or digestive function during the course of the study.
• •Taking drugs or supplements that are likely to alter body weight or appetite.
• •Have experienced weight loss of more than 10% in the last two years, or more than 5% in the last 6 months, unless all the weight lost has been regained.
• •Follow unconventional eating patterns, such as vegan or fasting diets, or be unable to tolerate the foods provided during the study.
• •Being pregnant or planning to become pregnant within the next two years.
• •Being in the postpartum phase (within 12 months of giving birth) or breastfeeding.
• •Being in the perimenopausal stage, defined as meeting the criteria of irregular menstrual cycles, hormonal changes indicative of perimenopause, or the presence of menopausal symptoms.
• •Participating in a nutritional intervention or treatment or having done so during the previous 3 months.
• •Having been diagnosed with or showing signs or risk factors for the development of an eating disorder.
• •Experiencing frequent interruptions in the sleep-wake cycle.
• •Having clinically significant gastric emptying abnormalities, a current diagnosis of any form of diabetes, blood pressure greater than 160/90 mm Hg, or heart rate below 50 or above 100 beats per minute (sitting), with or without stable doses of antihypertensive medication.
• •Have an active or untreated malignant disease or be in remission from a clinically significant malignant disease for less than five years prior to the time of evaluation.
• •Having a history of drug or alcohol abuse or testing positive for drugs, unless due to medication prescribed by a healthcare professional.
• •Smoking, vaping, or regular use of tobacco products, unless there have been periods of at least 24 consecutive hours without consumption during the last 4 weeks.
• •Regular consumption of caffeine in excess of the equivalent of 3 espressos per day (225 mg/day).
• •Being a direct relative or cohabitant of research team personnel.
• •Any other condition that, in the opinion of the research team, makes participation in the study inadvisable.