Adjunctive Effects of Heat vs Contrast Therapy With Otago Exercises on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria

• •Participants having age group between 18 and 40 years with anterior, retropatellar, or peripatellar pain with at least severity of 3/10 on the numerical pain rating scale.
• •Participants who have reported anterior knee pain for at least three months during at least two of the following activities: seating for prolonged periods of time; ascending and descending stairs; squatting; running and jumping, or have had experienced crepitus (popping, or crackling) while walking or running, pain on palpation, insidious pain lasting at least two months.
• •Positive patellar compression and Grind tests.
• •Clinical evidence of lateral patellar tracking, given its established role in patellofemoral joint dysfunction.
• •Pain produced by at least two of the following four tests: (i) isometric muscle contraction with a mild bent knee, (ii) patellofemoral joint line palpation, (iii) compression of patella against the femur and (iv) active resisted knee extension were enrolled in the study.