Exploring the Effects of Exercise Combined With BFRT on Healthy and Patients With CKD

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by impaired kidney function lasting for more than 3 months, as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which is classified into stages 1 to 5. Common symptoms include swelling, fatigue, and high blood pressure. Previous studies have indicated that physical inactivity in patients with CKD, often due to fatigue, leads to decreased physical fitness. In addition, secondary complications such as muscle mass loss and weakness are frequently observed, especially in the advanced stages of CKD. To address this vicious cycle, aerobic and resistance training have been shown to mitigate these effects. Previous studies have reported that such exercise interventions can reduce fatigue and improve VO₂ peak in individuals with CKD. However, these exercise programs often involve high loads and frequencies, which may not be feasible for some CKD patients, particularly those with comorbidities such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The effectiveness of blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise compared with high-load training has been demonstrated in older adults, showing improvements in functional ability and muscular adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of incorporating blood flow restriction during exercise on cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients with CKD.