Brain-Stomach Circuits in Chronic Nausea

Exclusion Criteria

• •body mass index (BMI) \> 30
• •pregnancy or intention to become pregnant
• •past or present chemotherapy
• •diagnosis of gastric (stomach) cancer
• •any kind of gastric (stomach) surgery
• •current use of GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g. Ozempic, Trulicity)
• •medications which significantly lower seizure thresholds (e.g. bupropion (Wellbutrin), fluoxetine (Prozac), or tramadol (Ultram))
• •implantable devices, such as a pacemakers or nerve stimulators
• •history of head injury that required hospitalization, metal in the skull, or neurologic disease such as stroke, history of seizures or history of syncope (fainting or passing out)
• •neurodegenerative disease (Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's Disease)
• •ongoing psychosis or altered cognitive status status (e.g. hearing sounds or seeing visions that are not there, or feeling confused or suffering from memory lapses)
• •history of cardiovascular (i.e., heart attack), pulmonary (i.e., need for supplemental oxygen), or endocrine disease (e.g. diabetes)
• •current enrollment in another study using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
• •current use of drugs such as amphetamines, methamphetamine, Ecstasy, Ketamine, Angel Dust/PCP, cocaine, or drinking 3 or more alcoholic drinks per day
• •For healthy subjects only: chronic history of gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, indigestion, bloating, abdominal pain)
• •For CNVS subjects only: diagnosis of gastric motility disorder (e.g. gastroparesis/slow stomach emptying) or history of bowel obstruction (i.e., chronic partial small bowel obstruction)