Effects of Low-level Laser Therapy on Spasticity and Gait Parameters in Chronic Stroke Patients With Spastic Plantar Flexors

Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Many patients who survive a stroke experience muscle stiffness (called spasticity), especially in the ankle and foot muscles, which makes walking difficult and painful. Spasticity in the plantar flexor muscles those that help push the foot down can lead to poor balance, limited mobility, and increased risk of falls. This study aims to explore the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on spasticity and walking ability in patients who have had a stroke for more than six months (chronic stroke). LLLT is a non-invasive, painless treatment that uses low-intensity light to stimulate tissue healing, reduce muscle tightness, and improve nerve function. A total of 18 chronic stroke patients with spastic plantar flexors were included in this randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Study group: Received low-level laser therapy along with conventional physiotherapy. Control group: Received conventional physiotherapy alone. Each patient received therapy for three weeks. The study evaluated outcomes using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for muscle spasticity, the Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) for walking quality, and a Goniometer for ankle joint range of motion. Assessments were done before and after treatment. The results showed that both groups improved significantly, but patients who received laser therapy demonstrated greater reduction in spasticity and better gait performance compared to those who received conventional therapy alone. This study suggests that low-level laser therapy can be a useful addition to conventional rehabilitation programs for improving walking ability and reducing spasticity in stroke patients.

Background and Rationale: After a stroke, damage to the brain can cause increased muscle tone (spasticity), reduced mobility, and altered gait patterns. These issues significantly affect independence and quality of life. Traditional physiotherapy techniques, such as stretching and strengthening, are helpful but often insufficient in chronic cases. Recent evidence suggests that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can promote cellular recovery, improve blood circulation, and reduce muscle stiffness by enhancing nerve conduction and reducing inflammation. Study Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in improving spasticity and gait parameters in chronic stroke patients with spastic plantar flexors. Study Design: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 18 participants diagnosed with chronic stroke and presenting with spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors. Participants were divided into: Study group (n=9): Received low-level laser therapy (parameters: wavelength 830 nm, power output 50 mW, energy density 6 J/cm²) combined with conventional physiotherapy. Control group (n=9): Received conventional physiotherapy only (stretching, strengthening, and gait training). Intervention Duration: Both groups received treatment sessions five times a week for three weeks. Outcome Measures: Spasticity: Measured using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) Gait Parameters: Measured using the Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) Ankle Range of Motion (ROM): Measured with a Goniometer Data Analysis: Within-group changes were assessed using Friedman's test, and between-group comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results Summary: Both groups showed significant improvements in spasticity, ankle range of motion, and gait scores; however, the study group demonstrated greater gains in all parameters. The combination of LLLT with physiotherapy enhanced motor control, reduced stiffness, and improved walking quality more effectively than physiotherapy alone. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy is a safe, effective, and non-invasive intervention that significantly improves spasticity and gait in chronic stroke patients. Incorporating LLLT into rehabilitation programs may help enhance mobility and functional independence.