Age

18–70

Sex

FEMALE

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

1. Female, 18-70 years old.
2. Clinically diagnosed with breast cancer and scheduled for immediate DIEP free-flap breast reconstruction after mastectomy.
3. Conscious and able to understand and voluntarily sign written informed consent.

1. Severe cardiac, hepatic, or renal dysfunction or severe coagulopathy (e.g., NYHA class III-IV, Child-Pugh class C, eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73 m²).
2. Preoperative active infection, autoimmune disease, or long-term use of immunosuppressants/anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., corticosteroids).
3. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
4. Prior ipsilateral breast surgery or radiotherapy that may affect local blood circulation assessment.
5. Any condition deemed unsuitable by the investigator (e.g., poor compliance).

DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Perioperative Biomarkers and Outcomes