Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

1. Age ≥18 years
2. Histologically or cytologically confirmed stage IA NSCLC (T1N0M0, tumor ≤3 cm)
3. Scheduled for surgical treatment (segmentectomy or lobectomy or robotic/navigation-guided bronchoscopic ablation)
4. Ability to complete postoperative visits for up to 2 years
5. Provided informed consent

1. Presence of lymph node involvement (N1 or higher) or distant metastases (M1)
2. Concomitant primary malignancies that could confound outcome analysis
3. Insufficient or missing key data points (e.g., tumor size, treatment type, survival status)
4. Duplicate or overlapping records from different data sources
5. Contraindications to anesthesia or sedation for bronchoscopy or surgery
6. Inability or unwillingness to perform the PF tests
7. Pregnant or breastfeeding women (for prospective phase)
8. Inability or unwillingness to comply with study procedures

Postoperative Pulmonary Function Assessment Based on Deep Learning Study