Mitochondrial Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Function of the Physical Exercise and Nutritional Counseling in T2DM

This is a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Province of Cádiz (Spain). A total of 146 participants were enrolled in the study and underwent baseline and post-intervention determinations of the study outcomes. Just after the baseline determination, participants were randomly allocated to one of the aforementioned study groups. The randomization process was stratified by sex, which means that approximately 50% of participants in each group were women. All participants received detailed written and verbal information about the study objectives, procedures, benefits, and potential risks before providing written informed consent. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Provincial Research Ethics Committee of Cádiz and the Coordinating Committee of Biomedical Research Ethics of Andalucía (registration number 92.21; PEIBA number 1026-N-21; internal codes SICEIA-2025-001870 and SICEIA-2025-000778). At both baseline and post-intervention, participants were scheduled in the morning following an overnight fast of 8-10 hours. They were instructed to maintain their usual lifestyle, abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid strenuous physical activity for 72 hours prior to testing. Procedures included body composition assessment through electrical bioimpedance, a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy, fasting blood collection, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by ingesting 75 grams of glucose and blood draws at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes post-ingestion. The same protocol was repeated after the 12-week intervention, with exercise groups completing their final training session at least 72 hours before the post-intervention assessments.