Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can severely impact patients' quality of life, with acute flares being a major challenge (1). These flares lead to pain, swelling, and functional limitations, affecting both physical and emotional well-being, and often result in treatment escalation and long-term complications (2,3). Despite their frequency, there is a gap in understanding optimal management strategies, particularly regarding glucocorticoid (GC) therapy.
Current guidelines recommend oral glucocorticoids (PO GC) as the standard treatment, typically as a tapering regimen, but intra-muscular (IM) injections are also used in practice (4,5). However, there is no direct comparison of their short-term effectiveness, safety, and patient experience. Without this evidence, clinicians lack guidance on which method best suits individual patients, especially regarding flare severity and disease activity.
Understanding the patient experience during RA flares is critical in guiding clinical decision-making. While disease activity measurements, such as the Disease Activity Score (DAS28), are commonly used to assess treatment response, they do not capture the full spectrum of the patient's lived experience during a flare. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including pain, fatigue, and overall well-being, are integral to understanding how patients perceive their condition and treatment efficacy (6). Incorporating PROs into clinical trials and practice will not only provide a more holistic view of treatment response but will also help to align these subjective experiences with traditional objective measures of disease activity (7). As such, evaluating the impact of different GC treatments on PROs is essential to determining the most effective approach for managing RA flares and improving patient outcomes.
This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comparative study of IM versus PO steroids for acute RA flare management, with a focus on patient reported outcomes (PROs). By incorporating PROs alongside traditional disease activity assessments, this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of how different treatment strategies impact both clinical and patient-centered outcomes. This patient-focused approach has the potential to significantly influence treatment guidelines and improve the overall management of RA flares.
Aim: To compare the effectiveness of IM versus PO GC in improving patient-reported symptoms of RA flares.
Objectives: In patients with established RA experiencing a flare, the investigators aim:
1. To assess whether IM GC administration is non-inferior to PO GC administration in improving RA flare symptoms.
2. To evaluate differences between IM and PO GC in terms of clinical efficacy, functional improvements, treatment satisfaction and side effects in RA patients experiencing flares.
3. To qualitatively analyze the attitudes, preferences and treatment priorities regarding IM versus PO GC use for RA flares
Hypotheses: The investigators hypothesize that a single IM GC dose will be non-inferior to a PO regimen for improving acute RA flare symptoms, as measured by the RA-FQ score. While the investigators do not expect major differences in disease activity score improvements between arms, the investigators anticipate that IM administration may offer advantages through a lower cumulative steroid exposure, potentially improving the safety profile. In addition, the investigators expect higher patient satisfaction and preference with the IM approach, given the convenience of a one-time, physician-administered treatment compared to a 21-day daily PO regimen.
Research Approach/Methodology and Rationale
Project Design This will be a 3-year, prospective, pragmatic, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial (RCT). Unlike traditional explanatory RCTs, which evaluate interventions under ideal conditions, the proposed study's pragmatic design reflects real-world practice to enhance the external validity of the results (8). Additionally, a Study Within a Trial (SWAT) will be conducted, involving a subgroup of 20 patients (10 per arm) who will participate in semi-structured interviews to explore patient perspectives on managing RA flares. This non-inferiority study design is predicated on the investigators' hypothesis that a single IM GC dose is non-inferior to PO GC for RA flare symptom improvement.
Study population Adult patients ≥18 years of age, who fulfill ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria with an established diagnosis of RA and experiencing a flare will be recruited from five rheumatology clinics at the University of Toronto (9). The investigators will include consecutive patients who have symptoms of an RA flare defined as ≥3 swollen and ≥3 tender joints, for which the treating rheumatologist would have otherwise prescribed systemic GC.
Study Interventions
The following interventions are proposed to be randomized in a 1:1 fashion:
* PO GC arm: Prednisone 15 mg/day for a week, reducing by 5 mg/day every 7 days until tapered fully off
* IM GC arm: Single dose 120 mg IM methylprednisolone
Given the pragmatic nature of this study, treating rheumatologists will have the flexibility to adjust, switch, or modify the doses of any DMARD therapy or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as part of routine care at any point after the intervention is administered.
Randomization The calculated sample size will be 101 patients per group. Assuming approximately 10% attrition, the investigators aim to recruit 220 patients. The investigators will use block randomization within the 5 sites with random block sizes to minimize selection bias (10).
Primary Outcome Measure The primary outcome measure will focus on the impact of GC therapy on the RA flare experience. The investigators will use the Rheumatoid Arthritis Flare Questionnaire (RA-FQ), a 5-item questionnaire developed by the OMERACT RA Flare Group in 2016, to assess pain, fatigue and functional limitations during a flare. The RA-FQ has been validated for content, face validity, construct validity shows sensitivity to change (11,12).
Secondary Outcome Measures. The investigators will explore additional outcomes that are standard endpoints in RA trials. These will provide insights into clinical efficacy, safety, and patient experiences with GC treatments (13).
1. Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) difference at 6 weeks: This will assess RA disease activity to provide a clinical response anchor, as the RA-FQ has not been extensively studied in GC trials for RA.
2. Glucocorticoid adverse effects: Data on adverse events (AEs) will be collected via physician report at week 6.
3. Systemic GC use between 6 and 12 weeks: The investigators will assess whether the IM and PO routes of GC administration offer advantages in minimizing GC use beyond the 6-week trial period.
4. Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI): The HAQ-DI will capture functional changes between therapies, given its robust psychometric properties and responsiveness to disease activity (14).
5. Qualitative study outcome: A qualitative component will explore patient perspectives on IM versus PO GC for flare management. Using qualitative description, the investigators will identify common themes across participants to inform clinical practice (15). The investigators aim to recruit 20 participants (10 per group) to achieve conceptual thematic saturation.
Analytic Plan
Sample size The investigators calculated the sample size for the primary outcome based on non-inferiority in RA-FQ score changes at 6 weeks between the IM and PO groups. Using CATCH data showing a RA-FQ improvement of 10.0±14.2 (unpublished), the investigators set a non-inferiority margin of -5.0, per FDA guidelines (16). With 80% power and alpha of 0.05, 101 patients per group are needed. Factoring in 10% attrition, the investigators aim to recruit 220 patients.
Statistical Analyses Patient demographic and clinical characteristics will be summarized and compared by randomization groups, including age, sex, race, RF/CCP positivity, disease and flare duration, prior DMARD/NSAID use, co-morbidities, erosions, and CRP. For the primary outcome (RA-FQ scores), an ANCOVA linear model will adjust for baseline RA-FQ scores, NSAID and DMARD use, and study site (17). Given the pragmatic trial design, NSAID and DMARD use will be allowed, and adjusted for as potential confounders. Intention-to-treat analysis will be used, with per-protocol analysis as a sensitivity analysis. Secondary outcomes (CDAI, additional GCs by 12 weeks, HAQ-DI, and adverse effects) will be compared descriptively. The qualitative component will use descriptive analysis to capture patients' experiences with RA flare treatments (IM vs. PO GC), maintaining minimal interpretation and grounded in an inductive, interpretivist approach (15). This will provide insights into patient preferences for flare management.
Potential to create new knowledge The patient experience is at the epicenter of RA flare management and treatment evaluation. Therefore, the focus of this proposed research project will be aimed towards the patient's flare experience, incorporating the use of PROs in both its primary and secondary outcomes, as well as additionally employing a qualitative study within a trial design to illuminate patient viewpoints on the preferences of people living with RA around treatment of flares, with a focus on use of steroids. Evaluating the comparative effectiveness of various GC formulations and dosages will help address the knowledge gaps in current clinical practice on the preferred route and dosage of GCs to optimize safety and effectiveness.
Furthermore, the significance of this study extends beyond its direct outcomes. It will assess the feasibility of conducting a pragmatic clinical trial within an academic network, combining insights from clinicians, researchers and patient partners. The investigators hope that lessons learned from this study can be applied to answer other clinically relevant rheumatology questions in the real-world setting. Given many trials exclude patients with comorbidities or are restricted to testing novel therapies, this framework provides an opportunity to test "real problems" affecting "real patients."
Given the global prevalence of RA and associated flares, alongside the ongoing debate over the optimal route of GC administration, the study's findings hold considerable international relevance. This study has the potential to reshape paradigms in flare management, potentially revolutionizing future approaches to RA treatment worldwide.
