WhatsApp-Based and Family-Involved Diabetes Self-Management Education Study

This randomized controlled trial investigates a 12-week WhatsApp-based self-management education program for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and one designated family member per participant. The program is delivered through mobile presentations-including videos, visuals, and text-based materials-sent separately to the person with diabetes and their family member twice weekly, on Mondays and Tuesdays. Weekly reinforcement is provided through a five-question quiz, sent individually to both participants every Thursday, and a brief (\~10-minute) telephone call with the person with diabetes on Friday or Saturday, according to their preference, to review weekly progress, provide feedback, and address challenges. The intervention aims to support adherence to self-care behaviors, enhance diabetes knowledge, and strengthen family involvement. Diabetic participants in the control group will continue their usual care, including routine physician appointments and consultations with a diabetes nurse if needed. Family members will maintain their normal daily activities without any structured intervention. Data collection occurs at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. The study employs standardized, validated instruments including the Diabetic Participant Demographic Form, Family Member Demographic Form, Diabetes Self Management Questionnaire, Hensarling's Diabetes Family Support Scale, and the Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults. Data Collection for Participants with Diabetes: * Baseline (Week 0): * Diabetic Participant Demographic Form * Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire * Hensarling's Diabetes Family Support Scale * Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults * Post-intervention (Week 12): * Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire * Hensarling's Diabetes Family Support Scale * Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults Data Collection for Family Members: * Baseline (Week 0): * Family Member Demographic Form * Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults * Post-intervention (Week 12): * Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults This study demonstrates a digitally-supported, family-involved intervention model, leveraging WhatsApp to increase accessibility, continuity, and sustainability of diabetes self-management practices. By delivering structured educational content, individualized feedback, and support from more knowledgeable family members, the program aims to enhance self-management behaviors and metabolic outcomes among adults with T2DM.