Age

Any age

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Receiving lung resection surgery at the hospital for any reason；
Diagnosed with COPD according to the 2024 GOLD guidelines；
Tissue samples that meet collection requirements and are either agreed to be collected or already preserved；

Improper preservation of pathological specimens, refusal to consent to sample collection, or incomplete clinical information；
Combined with other factors causing obstructive airflow limitation;
Diagnosed with asthma according to the GINA 2023 guidelines and with a history of asthma exacerbations within the past year;
Combined with Advanced lung cancer;
Receiving systemic immunosuppressive medications such as anti-rejection drugs;

Mechanistic Studies of Chronic COPD Using Single-Cell Sequencing and Single-Cell Spatial Transcriptomics