Gut Microbiota, Diet-INDuced Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in New Caledonia - MIND

In recent years, the global rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes has become a major public health issue. In New Caledonia, 38% of the adult population has a body mass index ≥30. At the same time, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise steadily. The burden of these diseases does not affect communities uniformly. While known factors such as diet, physical activity, and socioeconomic conditions play a role, studies have demonstrated the involvement of the gut microbiota in the development of metabolic disorders, particularly obesity and insulin resistance. However, this area remains largely unexplored in New Caledonia and the Pacific.

The goal of the study is to describe and characterize the gut microbiota and fecal metabolome of participants and study the relationships between microbiota composition and bioclinical parameters in participants with different metabolic states, ranging from "metabolically healthy" to severe obesity with and without type 2 diabetes. To achieve this goal, adults in New Caledonia divided in 3 groups 1. Obese group with a BMI ≥ 30 with type 2 diabetes, 2. Obese group with a BMI ≥ 30 without any type of diabetes, 3. Control group of participants with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 and without any type of diabetes. will be recruited. Blood, urine, and stool samples will be collected from participants. A questionnaire to collect sociodemographic characteristics as well as behaviors and lifestyle habits related to diet, physical activity, and psychological health.