Synergistic Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on Anesthetic Induction and Emergence in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy or Gynecological Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •Known allergy to lidocaine or other amide-type local anesthetics.
• •History of severe arrhythmias, heart failure (NYHA class III or higher), or epilepsy.
• •Central nervous system disorders (e.g., stroke, brain trauma, seizure disorders) or psychiatric illness.
• •Severe hepatic or renal dysfunction (ALT/AST \> 2× ULN, or eGFR \< 60 ml/min/1.73 m²).
• •Currently taking medications that affect CNS function (e.g., benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antiepileptics).
• •Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• •History of drug or alcohol dependence.
• •BMI \> 30 kg/m² or \< 18 kg/m².
• •Inability to understand study procedures or refusal to sign informed consent.