Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterization
Patients classified according to the international clinical classification:
* Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
* Group 3: Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic respiratory diseases and/or hypoxia
* Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)
Patients scheduled for routine clinical follow-up and/or right heart catheterization at the study center.
Ability and willingness to provide informed consent for participation and data analysis.

Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arterial wedge pressure \>15 mmHg).
Conditions precluding safe blood sampling (e.g., severe anemia, coagulopathy).
Patients already enrolled in interventional clinical trials that could interfere with mitochondrial or oxidative stress measurements
Patients unable or unwilling to provide informed consent
Pregnancy or breastfeeding

Exploring Blood Cell Function and Oxidative Stress to Improve Diagnosis and Treatment in Pre-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension