Automated Bone Age Estimation From Noncontrast Abdominal CT Using Deep Learning

Exclusion Criteria

• •CT scans with poor image quality or severe artifacts that precluded accurate analysis.
• •History of hip surgery or presence of internal fixation devices.
• •Presence of bone tumors in the proximal femur.
• •Severe hip deformity or prior fractures affecting the proximal femur.
• •Pediatric patients or pregnant individuals (if applicable).