VISOR Versus PCNL for Treatment of 2-4cm Renal Stones

Exclusion Criteria

• •Presence of ureteral stricture or history thereof
• •Previous open or laparoscopic renal and/or ureteral surgery
• •Fever (body temperature ≥ 38℃) due to urinary tract infection or other causes within one week prior to surgery
• •Pregnancy, lactation, or menstruation at the time of surgery
• •ASA classification \> Grade 3, indicating severe systemic disease that contraindicates anesthesia or surgery
• •Renal anatomical anomalies such as polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, or ectopic kidney
• •Coagulation dysfunction (e.g., INR \> 1.5 or platelet count \< 80 × 10⁹/L)
• •Intraoperative failure to successfully place the ureteral access sheath