Electrophysiologist-led Deep Sedation Protocols for Pulsed Field Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Using a Bipolar Tip-Catheter: The DEEP-PFA Randomized Controlled Trial

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Known hypersensitivity or allergy to study medications (fentanyl, midazolam, dexmedetomidine, flurbiprofen axetil)
• •2. Heart failure NYHA class III-IV
• •3. Severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
• •4. Severe respiratory disease, significant hepatic or renal dysfunction, advanced malignancy, or comorbidities with expected survival \<1 year
• •5. Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• •6. Refusal to participate
• •7. Other circumstances deemed unsuitable for participation by the investigator