Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Adult patients (≥18 years old) undergoing second-stage implant exchange as part of tissue expander based breast reconstruction.
Patients with no prior diagnosis of PMPS.

Prior nerve surgery in the chest region or chronic pain conditions unrelated to mastectomy.
Recent chest radiation (\<6 months), severe scarring, or active infection.
Uncontrolled diabetes, high-dose corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive therapy.
Psychiatric or cognitive impairments.
Pregnancy, or active lactation.
Autologous tissue based breast reconstruction.
Participation in another study within 6 months or inability to comply with follow-up.

Targeted Nerve Surgery for the Prevention of Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial