Distinguishing Tics and Functional Tics Using Clinical Neurophysiological Techniques

Exclusion Criteria

• •Self-reported consumption of \>14 alcoholic drinks/week\* for a man and \>7 alcoholic drinks/week for a woman
• •Use of prescription drugs and other illicit drugs that may suppress tics such as dopamine blocking agents and antipsychotics during a certain time period prior to the
• •neurophysiological testing session.\*\*
• •Clinically significant abnormal movements on neurological examination except for tics.
• •Contraindications to EEG or EMG procedures, including skin lesions at electrode sites or hypersensitivity to electrode materials.
• •History of or current brain tumor, stroke, head trauma with loss of consciousness.
• •Epilepsy or seizures in the past 12 months.
• •Have a Baclofen pump, or have neurostimulators for pain.
• •Pregnant women
• •Self-reported current major depression or Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score \>19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) score \> 9, or any major current psychiatric illness.
• •Presence of any metal in the eye or skull area such as a brain stimulator, shrapnel, surgical metal, clips in the brain, cochlear implants, metal fragments in the eye.
• •Presence of pacemaker, intracardiac lines, implanted pumps or stimulators.
• •Unable to comply with the requirements of the study procedures.
• •Vocal tics only tested with Modified Rush Video-Based Tic Rating Scale.
• •Low Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) score \< 9 (maximum 36) with low willingness for tics (patient groups only, not applicable in healthy volunteers).
• •* Note: 1 standard alcoholic drink is 0.6 ounce (14 grams) of pure alcohol.
• •* Note: The certain time period depends on different drugs used. Five half-lives will be selected. The drug is considered effectively eliminated from the body after this time period because the concentration of the drug reaches around 3% of the orininal concentration.