Lead Sponsor

Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases

Age

All ages

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

•1. SMAS was confirmed by two key indicators using imaging or angiographic criteria: aortomesenteric angle of less than 22° or aortomesenteric distance of less than 8 mm;
•2. refractory SMAS was defined as failure of conservative treatments, including gastrointestinal decompression, enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition;
•3. accompanied by one or more following characteristics: Severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, bloating, pain), usually occurring more than once a week; body mass index (BMI)\<18.5 kg/m2 related to feeding difficulties;
•4. meets the aforementioned criteria for SSD;
•5. voluntarily provided informed consent prior to enrollment.

•1. secondary SMAS due to identifiable causes such as tuberculosis or liver cirrhosis;
•2. pregnant or lactating women;
•3. patients with malignant tumors or autoimmune diseases;
•4. individuals with cardiovascular diseases, organ failure, cognitive impairments, aphasia, or other chronic conditions which interfere with examinations and treatment;
•5. psychotropic agents' allergic patients.

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