Construction of a Deep Learning-Based Precise Diagnostic Framework for Bladder Tumors Using Ultrasound: A Multicenter, Ambispective Cohort Study

Exclusion Criteria

• •Age \>85 years;
• •* Patients unable to undergo abdominal/transrectal ultrasound (e.g., uncooperative individuals, technically inadequate images);
• •* History of bladder tumor surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or systemic therapy within 3 months; ④ Patients with indwelling medical devices (e.g., double-J ureteral stents, urinary catheters);
• •* Failure to undergo bladder tumor surgery within 2 weeks post-ultrasound; ⑥ Non-urothelial carcinoma or pathologically unconfirmed diagnoses.