A Randomized Controlled Trial of Robotic Support for Enhanced Later Life (RoSELL)

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of a personalized, co-designed robot interaction against a standardized, fixed robot interaction for reducing loneliness, depression, as well as improving self-agency and quality of life in older adults. This is a three-arm randomized controlled trial. The study will be conducted at a community center in Fuzhou, China, with 100 participants aged 65+ recruited from the facility. The participants will be randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) Co-designed robot (CL) group receiving a personalized robot interaction with a structured co-design ceremony; (2) Standard robot (SL) group interacting with an identical robot without personalization features; or (3) An attention-controlled usual care (CU) group. The intervention comprises 16 sessions (two weekly 20-minute sessions over eight weeks). The primary outcomes are loneliness and depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes include general self-efficacy, quality of life, as well as staff and participants' perceptions of the robot. Mechanism measures (i.e., engagement, self-disclosure) and manipulation checks (e.g., perceived personal role) will be employed to elucidate the underlying theoretical pathways. Data will be collected at baseline (T0), after the initial 2-week co-design period (T1), post-intervention (T2, Week 8), and at 1-month (T3) and 3-month (T4) follow-ups.