VR and Orthoses for Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often experience significant gait impairments that impact their autonomy and overall quality of life. One of the primary rehabilitation strategies involves the use of walking braces. While these orthotic devices can support ambulation, their effective integration into daily life typically requires a period of adaptation and specific training. Traditionally, gait training and orthosis prescription occur in clinical settings, which may not fully reflect the real-world challenges that patients encounter. Moreover, current clinical assessments rely primarily on subjective observations and standardized scales, which may lack the sensitivity and objectivity needed to capture the full complexity of gait performance. virtual reality (VR) offers a promising opportunity to simulate realistic walking environments in a controlled and safe setting, such as an outpatient clinic, potentially enhancing the outcomes of gait rehabilitation. Another promising technology in this domain is the use of wearable inertial sensors, which have been shown to effectively measure gait and postural parameters in people with MS. A further challenge associated with the use of orthotic devices is the physical and psychological stress they may cause, which can lead patients to discontinue their use. To evaluate such discomfort more objectively, recent studies have explored the use of physiological signal analysis and machine learning (ML) algorithms as an alternative or complement to self-reported questionnaires. The integration of VR with wearable inertial and physiological sensors may allow for a more comprehensive and objective assessment of a patient's adaptation to walking braces. However, no validated system currently exists that combines these technologies for gait assessment and training with passive orthoses in people with MS. The VIRTUE study aims to address this gap by developing and evaluating a VR-based platform (VIRTUE4MS) that replicates real-life scenarios, such as navigating through a museum, park, or grocery store, and enables standardized gait assessments within immersive environments. The system will employ both inertial and physiological wearable sensors to gather data on gait dynamics and user experience, ultimately supporting clinical decision-making regarding orthotic use. In this study, 12 patients with MS will perform walking and balance tasks over three sessions (T1, T2, T3), both with and without the Exoband brace, in VR and real-world conditions. Ultimately, this study seeks to explore an innovative, technology-supported approach to orthosis assessment and gait training that could complement traditional clinical tools and contribute to more effective, personalized rehabilitation strategies for individuals with MS.