The purpose of this project was to pilot test a web-based weight loss program called HealthyWE will help adults lose weight and decrease pain among adults in Camden City New Jersey. The proposed study was a one group pretest and posttest design.
A. Aims
1. Between 10/1/2023 and 9/30/2024, Rutgers University overarching goal was to reduce obesity incidence from 45% to 32% (30% reduction based on Camden County Health Department data for adult obesity) among adults living in Camden City and increase self-efficacy for keeping a healthy weight to improve quality of life and mental health symptoms.
2. Between 10/1/2023 and 5/1/2024, Rutgers University sought to recruit 60 overweight and obese participants into the HealthyWE Corps, an obesity reduction/prevention program focused on educating the public about nutrition, exercise, and a healthy mind at three sites in the city of Camden.
3. Between 10/1/2023 and 10/1/2024, Rutgers University hired and managed 3 instructors (one each in the areas of community-based nutrition education, exercise and physical activity, and mental health wellness) to lead HealthyWE Corps participants through lessons and activities focused on these areas between 1/16/2024 and 5/1/2024. Activities are designed to increase HealthyWE Corps participants capacity to engage other community members in activities related to these focus areas.
4. Between 5/1/2023 and 9/30/2024, Rutgers University assessed feasibility of HealthyWE Corps by examining (a) program accrual of adults (N=60 by 1/16/2024); (b) protocol adherence (\>80% adherence to protocol, which involves the degree to which program participants engage in program activities between 5/1/2023 and 9/30/2024); and (c) participant retention (\>80% data collected at evaluation appointments: pre-assessment, mid-point assessment, post-assessment).
5. Between 5/1/2024 and 9/30/2024, Rutgers University evaluated the self-efficacy for keeping a healthy weight and program adherence with expected outcome of 50% of HealthyWE Corps participants demonstrating good to excellent self-efficacy and program adherence through daily use of a FitBit-style tracker device to record their daily exercise and other health information (no health information will be collected for research purposes from the tracker device).
6. Between 5/1/2024 and 9/30/2024, Rutgers University conducted program outcome evaluation on 60 HealthyWE Corps participants to assess the effectiveness of the HealthyWE Corps program on primary outcomes of weight, BMI, and self-efficacy, and secondary outcomes of quality of life and mental health symptoms and participants overall satisfaction with the program.
1.2 Research Significance Obesity remains a major public health crisis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of obesity is higher among adults (41.5%) than younger adults (39.5%). With respect to race and ethnicity, the overall prevalence of obesity is higher among non-Hispanic Black (49.9%) and Hispanic adults (45.6%) than among non-Hispanic White (41.4%). African American women have the highest prevalence of obesity (54.8%), followed by Hispanic women (50.6%) and Hispanic men (43.1%), respectively. Severe obesity is more prevalent among women, Black Americans, and low-income adults. The public health impact of obesity is profound. It is a major risk factor for non-communicable illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, pain, and mental health. Obesity increases risk for pain and worsens overall pain severity and interference. Further, individuals with obesity report poor physical and psychological quality of life and disproportionately reduces life expectancy. Obesity and aging are significant contributing factors to increased utilizations of healthcare services.
Camden City in New Jersey is at high risk for poorer health outcomes (e.g., obesity, pain) for a myriad of socio-economic factors and a lack of a built environment that supports health. Camden City in New Jersey is ranked as Number Four top overweight cities in the United States with 44.1% of the adult population are obese and 44.6% of the adults do not engage in leisure time activity. The disparate rate of obesity occurring in Camden residents is the result of complex interaction of social determinants of health (e.g., poverty, education, and housing) and neighborhood structural barriers. Camden City in New Jersey represents many overburdened communities in the United States where minority or low-income communities bear disproportionately poor human health outcomes (e.g. obesity) and environmental risks. The 8.9-mile city is the home to 73,236 residents with the average household income of $41,180 and the poverty rate of 36%. The predominant races of the residents are Black (41.4%), Hispanic (27.6%), and White (23.5%).
As a complex disease, obesity is the accumulation of body fat and an inflammatory condition that results from many contributing factors, such as malnutrition, lack of physical activity, stress, and inadequate sleep. The standard criterion to define obesity is a body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 or higher. Individuals who are obese are typically on the receiving end of health education and behavioral change recommendations to increase their intake of fresh fruits and vegetables along with prescriptions for physical activity of 30 minutes a day for most days of the week. In Camden, however, these recommendations are hampered by a lack of access to safe spaces for physical activity and healthy food. In addition, personal barriers (e.g., lack of time for physical activity, physical capability to perform physical activities, competing demands, cost of healthy food, built environment (e.g., safe spaces for physical activities), climate changes (e.g., heat waves and extreme weather which prevent outdoor physical activities), and systematic barriers (e.g., intervention availability) further hamper obesity prevention and management. Prevention and management of obesity necessitates integrative approach in communities like Camden to take into considerations of individual's physical capacity, built environment for physical activity and access to good nutrition.
Rutgers University has a well-earned international reputation for excellence that is integral to our priority of addressing healthcare disparities both in the U.S. and globally. Rutgers University-Camden has been named a Minority Serving Institution (MSI) by the Department of Education under Titles III and V of the Higher Education Act. Advancing health equity is the highest priority of Rutgers School of Nursing-Camden. Social justice is the fundamental value and unifying theme informing our School of Nursing strategic direction. Faculty and students believe a person's zip code should not determine the quality of their health care. However, we recognize neighborhoods and built environments do in fact make an enormous impact on access to care, good health, and well-being. The zip codes for the project are 08104 and 08105 in the City of Camden.
Based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for prevention and management of overweight and obesity and personal and structural barriers faced by low-income older adult residents in Camden City, our team has adapted the effective and person-centered integrative interventions: HealthyWE Corps. This program is an AmeriCorps service program adapted to increase participant knowledge of and engagement in healthy nutrition, healthy exercise, and mental health wellness. Community service has been demonstrated to be an effective method of increasing individual self-efficacy and evidence for being effective for reducing weight in adults.
