The Effectiveness of Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant for Bupivacaine Caudal Block in Pediatric Open Appendectomy Under General Anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria

• •Refusal of participation by the legal guardian.
• •Known allergy or hypersensitivity to local anesthetics or dexmedetomidine.
• •Coagulation disorder or receiving anticoagulant therapy.
• •Active infection at or near the injection site.
• •Significant anatomical abnormalities of the lumbosacral spine.
• •Pre-existing neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, or a history of convulsions.
• •Anticipated surgery time of more than 2.5 hours.
• •Patients with severe asthma or active wheezing.