Detailed Description:
Study Overview:
This randomized controlled clinical trial investigates the effects of two forms of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on chronic widespread pain (CWP). The study is designed to explore whether stimulating the vagus nerve through auricular electrical stimulation (AES) or deep forced exhalation (DFE) improves pain, muscle stiffness, and functional status in individuals with CWP.
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been associated with modulation of the autonomic nervous system, leading to downstream effects on inflammation, pain perception, and emotional regulation. This study compares the effectiveness of these two intervention methods with a control group that receives no treatment during the study period.
Research Questions:
1. Does VNS via deep forced exhalation improve pain, muscle stiffness, and functional outcomes in individuals with chronic widespread pain?
2. Does VNS via auricular electrical stimulation improve these same outcomes?
3. Is one intervention more effective than the other in improving autonomic and pain-related parameters?
Hypotheses:
* Null Hypothesis: Neither deep forced exhalation nor auricular electrical stimulation will produce significant improvements in pain, muscle stiffness, or functional capacity.
* Alternative Hypothesis: Both interventions will lead to significant improvements in pain, muscle stiffness, and functional outcomes compared to a control group.
Study Procedures and Assessments:
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups:
1. Auricular Electrical Stimulation (AES)
2. Deep Forced Exhalation (DFE)
3. No-Treatment Control Each participant will undergo the same battery of assessments at baseline and after the two-week intervention or observation period.
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1. Heart Rate Variability (HRV):
Assessed using the Polar H10 chest strap sensor.
* Equipment preparation: The investigator ensures the Polar H10 sensor and strap are clean and functional. Electrode areas are moistened with water or gel to improve signal quality. Bluetooth is enabled on the recording device (e.g., smartphone).
* Participant setup: Participants wear clothing allowing chest access. The chest strap is positioned snugly around the torso, just below the chest muscles and centered on the sternum. The Polar H10 sensor is connected to the chest strap for data collection. and ensure it activates (indicated by a blinking LED light).
* Data collection: The participant sits in a relaxed upright posture in a quiet, temperature-controlled room. After a 5-minute acclimation period, HRV data is recorded for 10 minutes. Participants are instructed not to talk, move, or use electronic devices during this time.
2. Muscle Stiffness and Tissue Compliance:
Measured using the MyotonPRO device on the upper trapezius. • Equipment preparation: The MyotonPRO is calibrated before each session.
• Participant setup: The participant wears clothing that allows shoulder access and avoids caffeine, alcohol, or vigorous activity for at least 2 hours prior. The participant lies supine for at least 5 minutes before testing.
• Measurement: The skin is cleaned and the midpoint of the trapezius marked. The probe is placed perpendicular to the skin, and 3-5 consecutive measurements are taken on each side. The device records stiffness (N/m), elasticity, relaxation time, frequency, and compliance. Data is stored under a participant ID for analysis.
3. Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT):
Assessed with a handheld analog pressure algometer at three locations: mid trapezius, L5 lumbar paraspinal, and gastrocnemius-soleus junction.
* Setup: The participant avoids caffeine, alcohol, and intense activity for at least 2-3 hours. They rest for 5-10 minutes in a quiet room before testing.
* Protocol: Skin is marked, and the procedure is explained. Pressure is applied at \~30 kPa/sec until the participant signals when it transitions to pain. Three trials are performed at each site with 30-60 second rests. The average of three values is recorded.
4. Pain Level:
Measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a 10 cm line from "no pain" to "worst pain imaginable."
5. Quality of Life:
Measured with the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS), covering physical, emotional, and social domains.
6. Emotional State:
Assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), which rates 10 positive and 10 negative emotions.
7. Depression Severity:
Evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a 9-item tool commonly used in research and clinical practice.
Intervention Protocols:
1. Auricular Electrical Stimulation (AES):
• Objective: Stimulate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) using taVNS.
• Site: Cymba conchae of the left ear.
• Equipment: Standard taVNS device, clip electrodes with conductive gel, timer, and alcohol swabs.
• Stimulation Parameters:
o Waveform: Biphasic rectangular
o Pulse width: 200-300 µs
o Frequency: 20 Hz
o Intensity: Starting at 0.1 mA, increased until tingling is comfortable but not painful
o Duration: 20 minutes per session, twice daily for 2 weeks
• Contraindications: Cardiac arrhythmia, implanted pacemakers, pregnancy, epilepsy, skin infection at site, metal implants near ear.
* Procedure: First session is supervised. Participants are trained to apply the device at home. Instructions emphasize safety, comfort, and proper use. Participants remain seated or semi-reclined during stimulation, and are instructed to avoid standing or walking while stimulated.
2. Deep Forced Exhalation (DFE):
• Objective: Stimulate vagal tone through autonomic regulation via breathwork.
* Equipment: Latex-free balloons and logbook.
* Procedure: Participants take a deep breath, blow continuously into the balloon, then block airflow with the tongue. This is repeated for 4 breaths. The procedure is practiced once per hour during waking hours. Participants sit comfortably and avoid physical strain.
3. Control Group:
Participants undergo all pre- and post-study assessments but receive no intervention during the two-week period. They are debriefed afterward and may opt to receive either treatment following data collection.
Safety Considerations:
Potential AES risks include local irritation, tingling, warmth, lightheadedness, or bradycardia. All participants are screened and monitored during the first session. Instructions emphasize safe positioning, hydration, and gradual adjustment of intensity. Participants are advised to stop the session and contact the research team if they feel unwell.
DFE carries low risk, with occasional lightheadedness or fatigue reported. This is minimized by recommending seated practice and gradual breath intensity. Participants are asked to rest after each session.
Expected Benefits:
Participants may experience decreased pain sensitivity, improved autonomic regulation, better emotional well-being, and improved quality of life. These outcomes are not guaranteed, and no monetary compensation is offered for participation.
Contact Information:
Dr. Reza Nourbakhsh Email: Reza.nourbakhsh@ung.edu Phone: 706-864-1766
