Investigation of the Effect of the MIND Diet on Disease Symptoms in Patients With MS

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is defined as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that causes myelin loss and axonal damage and is characterized by inflammation. MS can also occur as acute optic neuritis, brainstem syndrome, pyramidal system demyelination and/or spinal cord syndromes. In addition to neurological symptoms such as vision loss, weakness, numbness, difficulty walking and dysesthesia due to demyelination occurring during the formation of the disease, atypical symptoms such as fatigue, depression and cognitive disorders are also observed. Although early and accurate diagnosis of MS is essential, diagnosis is based on the presence of clinical symptoms and findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is highly sensitive in detecting characteristic central nervous system lesions. McDonald 2017 criteria are used in the diagnosis of the disease. There are four clinically defined types of the disease. The types of MS are; relapsing-remitting MS, which constitutes approximately 85% of cases, primary progressive MS, which constitutes 10-20% of cases, secondary progressive MS, and clinically isolated syndrome. In patients with relapsing-remitting MS, the transmission of nerve impulses is affected during relapses, while the course of the disease and symptoms tend to improve or improve during remission. When relapses increase, progressive neural dysfunction occurs, and when remission is not achieved, progressive neurological damage occurs. This condition is defined as secondary progressive MS. In order to diagnose primary progressive MS, the disability status that continues for at least one year must be progressive. However, distinguishing between primary progressive MS and secondary progressive MS is often challenging. Although the course of the disease varies greatly depending on the type, many people develop irreversible disability, and MS continues to be the leading cause of neurological disability in young adults. The disability levels of individuals with MS are determined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). EDSS is a scale used worldwide in the evaluation and follow-up of neurological examinations of patients. The EDSS score ranges from 0 to 10. A score of 0 means "normal neurological examination, no disability", while a score of 10 means "death due to MS". Genetic factors, microbial and viral infections, smoking, serum vitamin D levels, obesity and nutritional habits are effective in the development of MS. Although the immune system seems to have a major effect on protection from MS, it is stated that the innate or acquired immune system may be effective in the development and occurrence of the disease. Although the mechanism is not clearly explained, it is stated that the disease may develop due to an autoimmune response that occurs as a result of damage to the blood-brain barrier caused by antigens formed against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or any viral infection. MS is more common and economically burdensome in high-income countries such as Western Europe and North America, which are farthest from the equator. It is known that Western-style nutrition is dominant in these countries and that there is insufficient exposure to sunlight. The average age of onset of the disease has been determined as 32. Although it is more common in young adults and women, the female/male patient ratio has been reported to be between 1.5:1 and 2.5:1. It is estimated that there are 70 thousand MS patients in Turkey. It is known that approximately 2.8 million people have MS worldwide. The prevalence of the disease is determined as 35.9 MS patients per 100,000 people. There is currently no known definitive treatment for the disease. However, disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) such as interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, peginterferon beta-1a, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, natalizumab, fingolimod, cladribine, ocrelizumab and alemtuzumab are used to control the frequency of relapses, disability and progression of symptoms. Lifestyle changes applied in addition to DMTs can also improve the course of the disease. The aim of lifestyle changes applied to MS patients is to improve quality of life, reduce perceived fatigue and disability, and help improve the effects of brain fog that has come to the fore after the Covid-19 outbreak. It has been determined that individuals diagnosed with MS change their nutritional behaviors, follow a diet rich in complex carbohydrates, low in simple sugar, saturated fat, gluten, and animal-based milk, and frequently use vitamin D supplements. Among the dietary models specifically applied for MS patients, the Best Bet diet, Overcoming MS (OMS), modified Paleolithic diet (Wahls diet), Swank diet, and McDougall diet are frequently emphasized in the literature. Apart from these, other dietary models applied to MS patients include anti-inflammatory diet, Mediterranean diet, Mediterranean- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, ketogenic diet, gluten-free diet, intermittent fasting and calorie-restricted diet models. It is suggested that the MIND diet, developed by Rush University nutritional epidemiologist Martha Clare Morris and combining the Mediterranean diet with the DASH guidelines, may be effective in reducing the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases (HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness Foods). It has been shown that the MIND diet can improve cognitive functions and depression. Unlike the Mediterranean diet, the MIND diet is a dietary model that increases the consumption of fruits and green leafy vegetables and limits the consumption of cheese. The MIND diet consists of 15 components. 10 of the components (olive oil, oilseeds, green leafy vegetables, cooked vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fruit, poultry, seafood and red wine) are considered healthy for the brain, while 5 (red meat, butter, cheese, fast food, bakery products) are considered unhealthy. The European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends a diet rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, limited to saturated fats, in its report on clinical nutrition in neurology for MS patients. The MIND diet meets this recommendation. There are many studies investigating the effects of the Mediterranean diet, a component of the MIND diet, on disease-related symptoms in individuals with MS. However, studies examining the effects of the MIND diet in individuals with MS are quite limited. The study evaluated the link between MS and adherence to the MIND diet, which was developed specifically to prevent cognitive decline, and 77 MS patients and 148 healthy volunteers. Adherence to the MIND diet was associated with a reduced risk of MS. It was determined that the consumption of green leafy vegetables, other vegetables and beans, which are components of the MIND diet, was significantly lower in MS patients, while the consumption of cheese, poultry, pastries and desserts, and fried/fast foods was significantly higher, and it was shown that a higher MIND diet score was statistically significantly associated with a reduced probability of MS. In a cross-sectional study, the MIND diet compliance score was positively associated with thalamic volume. According to the results of the cross-sectional and longitudinal study, it was determined that the MIND diet positively affected the physical quality of life and fatigue in MS patients. In a systematic review and meta-analysis study conducted by Fotros et al (2024), it was determined that fruit and vegetable consumption, which is also recommended in the MIND diet, has a potential protective effect against MS disease. It has been reported that a higher intake of plant protein, a component of the MIND diet, compared to animal protein, can reduce the symptoms and relapse rate of MS. According to the results of a retrospective study, fatty foods, snacks, sugary foods, fried and fast-food foods, which are among the components of the MIND diet and are in the group of unhealthy foods for the brain, are associated with the onset and development of MS, while reduced fruit consumption is associated with increased disability. MS patients experience significant anxiety and problems regarding nutrition in the period after diagnosis. Many randomized controlled trials examining the dietary models and nutritional strategies applied by MS patients have emerged through literature review. When the relevant literature was examined, cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective studies investigating the effects of the MIND diet in MS patients were found, but no randomized controlled trial was found. This planned study is unique in that it is the first study to investigate the effects of the MIND diet on fatigue, quality of life and brain fog in MS patients using a parallel-design randomized controlled trial method. Based on this point, the study aims to evaluate the effects of the MIND diet on fatigue, quality of life, cognitive function, mental health and brain fog in MS patients. With the results of this study; It will be possible to provide evidence on the subject to the international literature by determining the effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients in Turkey on fatigue, quality of life, cognitive function, mental health and brain fog. Determining the positive effect of the MIND diet on the symptoms that develop due to possible MS disease and recommending this diet model to patients is important in terms of improving general health status and social life. The hypotheses of the study; H0a: The quality of life health status parameter of the MIND diet applied to MS patients is similar to the control group. H1a: The quality of life health status parameter of the MIND diet applied to MS patients is not similar to the control group. H0b: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on fatigue is similar to the control group. H1b: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on fatigue is not similar to the control group. H0c: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on cognitive function is similar to the control group. H1c: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on cognitive function is not similar to the control group. H0d: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on mental health is similar to the control group. H1d: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on mental health is not similar to the control group. H0e: The effect of the MIND diet applied to MS patients on brain fog is similar to the control group. H1e: The effect of the MIND diet on brain fog in MS patients is not similar to the control group.