Lead Sponsor

University of Ioannina

Age

18 - No limit years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

•Adults aged ≥18 years with stable CKD, defined as:
•eGFR \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m², or
•eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² with documented evidence of kidney damage (persistent albuminuria, structural abnormalities on imaging or histology, or genetic kidney disease).

•Any signs of dermal infections, open wounds, or skin irritation.
•Significant variations in eGFR in the last two months, defined as any absolute change (either increase or decline) in eGFR of \>10 mL/min/1.73m2 ;
•Patients with a functioning kidney graft;
•Patients receiving immunosuppression treatment;
•Patients with kidney stones;
•Patients with uncontrolled hypertension (a systolic blood pressure (SBP) \>150 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \>90 mmHg with measurements taken under standardized conditions (e.g after a 5-minute seated rest, using validated equipment);
•Patients receiving drugs reported to affect serum levels of creatinine and cystatin-c without affecting kidney function (i.e. cimetidine, trimethoprim, and fibrates);
•Known allergy to pilocarpine,
•Glaucoma;
•Patients with metal implants;
•Pregnancy;
•Active malignancy;
•Low life expectancy (\<6 months) according to investigators judgement