Chinese University Students' Death Attitudes and Their Initial Sandplay Characteristics

Inclusion Criteria Be aged 18-22 years (20 ± 2 years old) Self-identified as Han Chinese ethnicity Currently enrolled as an undergraduate student Normal or corrected-to-normal vision No prior participation in similar psychological experiments (e.g., IAT, sandplay therapy) Proficient in basic computer operations (e.g., keyboard use, mouse navigation) Willing to provide written informed consent Exclusion Criteria Presence of diagnosed psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, PTSD) Regular use of psychotropic medications within the past 6 months Religious affiliation or spiritual practices influencing death-related beliefs History of traumatic bereavement (e.g., loss of immediate family member within 1 year) Physical disabilities affecting sandplay manipulation (e.g., severe hand tremor)