Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for treating acute cholecystitis (AC). However, not all patients are suitable candidates for surgery during an AC episode. After recovery, some may improve sufficiently to undergo preventive surgery for future biliary events, while others remain high-risk surgical candidates or fail to recover adequately, making surgery infeasible. For these high-risk patients, optimal management remains uncertain. Currently, percutaneous drainage is the standard treatment, with endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) emerging as a viable alternative in specialized centers. Recent data suggest that EUS-GBD may result in fewer complications compared to percutaneous drainage, with similar technical and clinical success rates.
Despite its promise, the optimal follow-up strategy for patients treated with EUS-GBD remains unclear, particularly regarding long-term complications associated with lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS). Studies in pancreatic fluid collections suggest higher rates of complications, including bleeding and stent obstruction, leading to recommendations for early stent removal. However, for gallbladder drainage, the question arises whether LAMS should be maintained to prevent recurrence or replaced with less complication-prone stents like double pigtail stents.
The available evidence is contradictory. Some studies favor proactive endoscopic follow-up and gallstone removal to minimize recurrent cholecystitis, while others suggest that leaving LAMS indefinitely may reduce biliary events and hospital visits. To resolve these discrepancies, randomized prospective trials are needed to determine the optimal follow-up protocol for high-risk patients undergoing EUS-GBD for AC.
Our working hypothesis is that after EUS-GBD using a LAMS, there are no significant differences in the rate of biliopancreatic events between an active endoscopic approach (including gallbladder cleaning, stone extraction, and stent removal) and a conservative approach (without planned endoscopic interventions). Some studies even suggest that the proactive approach may lead to more complications The primary aim is to compare the rate of biliopancreatic events during one year of follow-up between patients treated with a proactive endoscopic strategy (group A) and those treated with a conservative strategy (group B) after EUS-GBD for acute cholecystitis (AC).
Secondary objectives focus on the evaluation of additional clinical outcomes, including complication rates at various time points, recurrence of biliary-related events, unplanned re-interventions, readmissions, mortality, disease-free survival, resolution of AC, and quality of life between the two groups.
This is a randomized, multicenter, open-label, nationwide, clinical trial. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to the two treatment groups stratified by center.
Centers eligible to participate as collaborating centers must have confirmed experience in EUS-guided procedures with EUS-GBD availability, having performed more than 10 EUS-GBD procedures prior to enrollment. Patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are specified in a separate section of the protocol.
For enrollment of patients, after diagnosis of AC, a patient evaluation by the surgical team or anesthesiologist declaring the patient unfit for surgery and the patient's willingness to undergo the EUS-GBD procedure is mandatory.
If the patient meets these requirements in addition to all previous inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, agrees to participate in the study, and signs the informed consent, the patient will be enrolled and randomized.
The randomization of patients to each of the treatment groups will be carried out centrally by the REDCap software; REDCap is a program that offers an online electronic data collection notebook. It will be stratified by center and by severity.
Patients will be randomized to two groups: Elective cholecystoscopy with stone extraction, eventual LAMS removal and double pigtail plastic stent (DPPS) placement or conservative management (indwelling LAMS). A total of 41 patients will be assigned to each group. In the group assigned to receive endoscopic interventions, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy will be programmed 4 weeks after de EUS-GBD and sequential procedures weekly thereafter until complete clearance of stones is achieved and the LAMS is removed and replaced with DPPS.
The procedure will be performed after at least 6 hours of fasting during the index admission, by endoscopists in charge of performing ERCP as usual in the collaborating centers under sedation controlled by endoscopists or anaesthesia according to the usual practice of the Endoscopy Unit of each collaborating center.
Gallbladder drainage will be performed with a LAMS, with a preference for stents ≥15 mm in diameter, and the preferred route will be duodenal (cholecystoduodenostomy); however, the final decision regarding stent size and route will be at the operator's discretion. After placement of the LAMS, a coaxial DPPS is placed. The DPPS complements the drainage and prevents complications.
After confirmation that the patient meets the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, and after signing the informed consent form, the patient will undergo gallbladder drainage with a LAMS. The patient will then be randomized at their hospital to either group A (proactive treatment) or group B (conservative treatment). Randomization will not occur until after the drainage procedure has been completed.
Patient randomization in this clinical trial will be stratified by center to ensure an equal distribution of patients between the two intervention groups (proactive and conservative approaches) at each participating hospital. This stratification is essential to minimize potential center-specific differences that could influence outcomes.
Randomization sequences will be pre-generated using specialized software with blocks of four patients. Each block will randomly assign two patients to the proactive intervention group and two to the conservative group. This block design ensures that within each center, patients are sequentially and evenly assigned to both groups throughout the recruitment process, maintaining a constant balance. This approach is particularly critical because the trial may be stopped before the full expected sample size is reached.
The in-hospital management of patients with AC after EUS-GBD will be under the care of their attending physicians in the in-hospital ward of the respective collaborating center, who will follow the management recommended by the clinical guidelines. Their discharge will be decided by their regular physician. A clinical evaluation and laboratory tests will be performed 1 day and 7 days after the procedure (if the patient has not been discharged yet).
Periodic follow-up contacts are made: at 1 month, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year. Contacts may be made by face-to-face or telematic visits after consultation with the patient, especially if the patient is institutionalized or has severe mobility problems. Additional laboratory tests are performed at the 1-month, 6-month and 1-year visits.
At these contacts, complications related to treatment and biliopancreatic events (BPE) that have occurred since the last visit are recorded. An interview will be conducted to record the presence of BPE that did not require admission (such as biliary colic or associated pain), recording the type and date of onset. The digital medical record will also be reviewed to record admissions and emergency department evaluations related or unrelated to BPE and to assess mortality.
