The Effect of Serum Calcium Levels on Postoperative Pain: A Prospective Observational Study

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients with a history of severe disease
• •Patients with chronic preoperative pain and/or long-term analgesic use
• •Patients with hearing disorders or verbal communication difficulties
• •Patients with psychiatric disorders or cognitive dysfunction
• •Patients requiring mechanical ventilation or ICU admission after surgery
• •Patients with a history of substance or alcohol abuse Patients who could not cooperate with the study for any reason