Metagenomics Next-generation Sequencing Approach to Detect Microbial DNA/RNA Overtime in Individuals Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Study Description: Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate if metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can detect microbial signatures in people undergoing HSCT, and if microbial identification can be correlated with clinical features of infection (e.g., fever). Participants undergoing HSCT as part of other studies at the NIH Clinical Center (CC) will provide blood before the transplant and through 6 months after. Total nucleic acid will be extracted from plasma and subjected to mNGS. Objectives: Primary: To investigate if by using plasma and an mNGS approach, we can detect bacterial, fungal, protozoan, or viral DNA/RNA over time, in immunocompromised patients undergoing transplantation. Secondary: 1. To correlate microbial identification with episodes of fever or clinical suspicion of infection. 2. To correlate change in microbial signatures in patients with suspected immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Endpoints: Primary: Comparison of mNGS results to routine clinical test results (microbiology and/or pathology) Secondary: 1. Calculation of frequencies of different microbial identifications as it relates to the development of fever or microbiologically/clinically defined infection. 2. Changes in different microbial signatures over time