Aftereffects of PES Preconditioned with RTMS on the Human Pharyngeal Motor Cortex

1 Study design This is a cross-over study with the order of experimental conditions randomized for each participant. The randomisation will be conducted using a randomisation program (Stats Direct, v2.7.8, StatsDirect Ltd, Altrincham, UK). Each condition will be given on separate days, at least one week apart. 2\. Participants Healthy volunteers over the age of 18 will be recruited through adverts placed around Salford Royal Hospital, on a University of Manchester website which advertises for research volunteers and through a departmental database of volunteers who have expressed an interest in future research. 3\. Informed consent A participant information sheet will be given to each participant. A researcher with up-to-date Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training will be responsible for obtaining consent from the participants. He/she will explain the study purpose and nature and experimental procedures verbally to the participants. The participants will be given sufficient time (at least 24 hours) to read and digest the written information and discuss with the researcher about the study. The researcher will ensure the participants are volunteering to participate, understand the purpose and nature, experimental procedures, benefits and risks of the study before obtaining written consent from them. The participants should understand that they have the rights to withdraw from the study anytime throughout the study. 4\. Study Procedures Participants will undergo either active or sham preconditioned 1 Hz rTMS interventions with 30 min intervals before active or sham 5 Hz PES (Fig 1). Each session involved: 1. A baseline measurement of PMEP and TMEP. 2. Application of (active/sham) 1 Hz rTMS (preconditioning). 3. A resting interval (30 minutes). 4. Application of (active/sham) 5 Hz PES (conditioning). 5. Measurement of PMEP and TMEP at multiple time points (immediately, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-PES). 5\. End of study The study will come to an end after the period of data collection and analysis by the end of August 2025. 6\. Withdraw consent Participants are able to withdraw consent at any time they wish. This will be stressed to all participants by members of the research team. Should this happen, their data will be retained with permission from the subject and they will be removed from the study. As only healthy participants will be recruited for this study, no participant is expected to lose the capacity to consent during the course of the study. However, if for any reason a loss of capacity is suspected, the participant will be excluded from the study.